Notes

Genetically modified crops have advantages over the weeds

Wild plants could be resistant to herbicides.

Credit: Xiao Yang
The use of genetic modification to make crops resistant to herbicides has been widely used to produce advantages for weedy rice varieties. These findings suggest that these modifications can have a broad range of effects beyond the farms and into the wild.

Many cultivars have been genetically altered in order to ward off glyphosate. The herbicide was initially available under the trade name Roundup. ラウンドアップ 原理 Farmers can get rid of herbicides from their fields by using glyphosate without harming their crops due to this resistance.

Glyphosate hinders growth of plants by blocking an enzyme referred to as EPSP synthase, which is involved in the production of certain amino acids and other molecules that make up as much as 35% of the plant's mass. The genetic-modification method, used in Roundup Ready crops by Monsanto (based in St Louis in Missouri) is the process of inserting genes into the crop to increase EPSP synthase production. ラウンドアップ ハイロード The genes typically come from bacteria that has infected plants.

ラウンドアップ The plant is able to resist the adverse effects of glyphosate due to the extra EPSP synthase. Biotechnology labs have also attempted to utilize plants' genes instead of bacteria to increase EPSP-synthase levels, in part to exploit the loophole in US law that allows the approval of regulatory agencies for organisms that carry transgenes not that are derived from bacteria.

Few studies have examined the possibility that transgenes similar to those which confer glyphosate resistance can increase the competitiveness of plants in reproductive success and longevity once they are introduced to wild or weedy cousins through cross-pollination. Norman Ellstrand of University of California Riverside declares, "The conventional expectation is that any transgene found in the wild could be detrimental if there's no selection pressure because the extra machinery could reduce the health."

Lu Baorong of Fudan University in Shanghai is currently challenging this view. The study demonstrates that glyphosate resistance even when not applied to a weedy varieties of the rice crop can provide a significant health benefit.

The research was published in 1. Lu and his collaborators genetically modified cultivated rice to increase its EPSP synthase expression , and then crossed it with a weedy counterpart.

https://search.rakuten.co.jp/search/mall/ラウンドアップ+マックスロード/ The group allowed the offspring of cross-breeding to mix with one another, resulting in second-generation hybrids genetically identical to each other except for the number of copies of the gene that encodes EPSP synase. As one would expect, hybrids that had more copies of the gene were more likely to produce more tryptophan as well as have higher enzyme levels than their unmodified counterparts.

Researchers also discovered that the hybrids with transgenic genes had higher rates of photosynthesis. They also produced more flowers and shoots and produced 48 to 125 percent more seeds than the non-transgenic hybrids -- in the absence of glyphosate.

Lu believes that making weedy Rice more competitive may make the problem worse for farmers across the world who's fields are being infested by the pest.

Brian Ford-Lloyd, a researcher at Brian Ford-Lloyd, a researcher at the University of Birmingham, UK Brian Ford-Lloyd from the University of Birmingham, UK "If the EPSP synthase gene is introduced to wild rice varieties the genetic diversity of their species, which was really important for conserving, could be endangered because it will outcompete the normal varieties." This is one of the clearest examples of extremely plausible harmful effects [of GM crop] on the environment."

The study also challenges the popular perception that genetically modified crops with extra copies of their own genes are less dangerous than the ones that have the genes of microorganisms. ラウンドアップ Lu says that the study "shows that this isn't always true".

ラウンドアップ According to some research this finding suggests that the future regulation of genetically engineered crops needs to be rethought. "Some people are now claiming that biosafety regulations are eased because we've reached a high level of comfort with two decades of genetic engineering," says Ellstrand. "But the research shows that novel products still need cautious evaluation."


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