Notes

Genetically modified crops offer benefits over the weeds

Herbicide resistance could confer an advantage on plants in the wild.

ラウンドアップ Weedy rice can take on transgenes from genetically modified crops through cross-pollination. Credit: Xiao Yang
It has been established that a genetic modification technique, which is widely used to make crops herbicide-resistant, can provide advantages to an invasive variety of rice. This suggests that this genetic modifications could also have the potential to affect wild animals.

A variety of crops are genetically altered so that they can resist the effects of glyphosate. This herbicide was first offered under the trade name Roundup. Farmers can eliminate most weeds in their fields using glyphosate without harming their crops due to this resistance.

Glyphosate can inhibit plant growth by inhibiting EPSP synase which is an enzyme that plays a role in the creation of amino acids, as well as other chemical compounds which comprise around 35% of plants' mass. The genetic modification method used in Roundup Ready crops by Monsanto (based in St Louis in Missouri), involves inserting genes in a plant to boost EPSP synthase's output. Genes are usually derived from bacteria that have been infected by plants.

The additional EPSP synthase helps the plant resist the effects of glyphosate. Biotechnology labs tried to use plant genes to boost EPSP synthase activity. This was partially to take advantage of a loophole in US law that allows regulatory approval for transgenes in organisms that are not derived from bacteria pests.

There aren't many studies that have examined the possibility that transgenes like glyphosate-resistant genes are able to -- when introduced to weedy or wild plants through cross-pollination enhance the competition of plants in terms of survival, reproduction and growth. https://www.yodobashi.com/product/100000001002109951/ Norman Ellstrand of University of California Riverside declares, "The conventional expectation is that any transgene in the wild will cause disadvantages if there is no selection pressure , because the extra machinery could reduce the health."

https://search.rakuten.co.jp/search/mall/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97+%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89/ Lu Baorong, an ecologist from Fudan University in Shanghai has rewritten that view. He has discovered that glyphosate resistance provides an impressive fitness boost to a weedy variant of the standard rice crop Oryza sativa.

Their study was published in 1. Lu and his collaborators altered the genetics of cultivated rice to enhance its EPSP synthase expression , and then crossed it with a weedy counterpart.

The researchers then allowed the breeding offspring from the cross to mix with one another, creating second-generation hybrids that were genetically identical with the exception of the number of copies of the gene that encodes EPSP synthase. As expected, the ones who had more copies had more enzyme activity and an increased amount of amino acid tryptophan compared to the unmodified counterparts.

https://www.komeri.com/search/ラウンドアップ/?dispNo=&codeSearch=0&searchFirst=1 Researchers also found that transgenic hybrids are more photogenic, had more seeds per plant, and produced 48 to 125 percent higher yields of seeds than non-transgenic varieties.

Making the weedy rice more competitive could exacerbate the problems it causes for farmers across the globe who's plots are infested by pests, Lu says.

"If the EPSP-synthase gene is introduced into the wild rice species, their genetic diversity, which is really essential to protect is at risk because the genotype with the transgene could outcompete natural species" says Brian Ford-Lloyd, a plant geneticist at the University of Birmingham, UK. "This is an example of the extremely plausible detrimental impacts of GM plantson our environment."

The belief of the public that genetically modified crops with additional copies their genes are safe is challenged by this study. ラウンドアップ Lu states that his study does not support this view.

Researchers have concluded that these findings should prompt a rethinking of the way that genetically modified crops will be controlled in the future. ラウンドアップ Ellstrand says "Some people think that biosafety regulation should be relaxed." Ellstrand says: The study showed that new products must be carefully evaluated.


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