Notes

Genetically modified crops offer more advantages than weeds

Herbicide resistance may confer an advantage on plants in the wild.

Weedy rice can pick up transgenes from genetically modified rice by cross-pollinating. Credit: Xiao Yang
One common genetic-modification method that makes crops resistant to herbicides was shown to be superior over the weedy varieties of rice. The results suggest that this modification may be able to positively impact wild rice varieties, as well as the crops.

Many crops are genetically engineered to resist glyphosate. The herbicide, originally called Roundup and then introduced to the market in 1996 under the tradename Roundup. This resistance allows farmers to remove the majority of the weeds that grow in their fields without causing harm to their crops.

Glyphosate is a deterrent to plant growth. ラウンドアップ It blocks an enzyme known as EPSP synthase. This enzyme plays a role in the production certain amino acids as well as other molecule. These compounds could make up as much as 35% of a plant’s mass. The genetic modification technique, which is used by Monsanto's Roundup Ready crops, which are based in St Louis (Missouri), typically involves inserting genes in the DNA of a plant to boost EPSP synthase's production. ラウンドアップ Genes are typically derived from bacteria that infect the plants.

The plant is able to endure the negative effects of glyphosate due to its additional EPSP-synthase. Biotechnology labs have also tried to create EPSP-synthase that is more plant-based than bacteria by utilizing genes taken from plants. This was done to exploit an inconsistency found in US law, which permits regulatory approval for species which aren't the result of bacterial parasites.

There aren't many studies that have examined whether transgenes such glyphosate-resistant genes can -- once introduced to wild or weedy plants through cross-pollination enhance the competition of plants in survival, reproduction and growth. Norman Ellstrand of University of California Riverside states, "The conventional expectation is that any type of transgene that is found in nature will be detrimental if there's no pressure to select because the extra machinery could reduce the fitness."

Lu Baorong, an ecologist from Fudan University in Shanghai has rewritten that view. He found that resistance to glyphosate provides significant fitness benefits to the weedy variant of the standard rice crop Oryza sativa.

The research was published in 1. Lu and his coworkers have genetically modified rice to boost its EPSP synthase expression and crossed it with a weedy relative.

The team then permitted the offspring from cross-breeding to cross-breed with one other to create second-generation hybrids. They were identical genetically except for the amount of EPSP synthase genes they carried. As one would expect, hybrids that had more copies of the gene had a higher chance to make more tryptophan as well as have more enzyme levels than their unmodified counterparts.

Researchers also discovered that plants with transgenic genes had higher rates for photosynthesis as well as produced more flowers and produced 48 to 125 percent fewer seeds per plant than nontransgenic hybrids. https://pesticide.maff.go.jp/agricultural-chemicals/details/14360 This was despite the fact that glyphosate was never present.

ラウンドアップ 業務用 Lu believes that making weedy, aggressive rice more competitive could make it more difficult for farmers to recover from the harm caused by this bug.

ラウンドアップ "If the EPSP-synthase gene gets in the wild rice species, their genetic diversity, which is essential to protect may be at risk as the transgene's genotype would outcompete the normal species," Brian Ford-Lloyd, a plant geneticist at the University of Birmingham, UK. ラウンドアップ "This is a clear illustration of the very real negative consequences [of GM plants] on our surroundings."

https://www.rakuten.ne.jp/gold/kaientai/category/sunfulon/ There is a popular belief that genetically engineered crops with additional copies of microorganisms' genes are safer than ones with only the genes of their owners. Lu states that his research does not contradict this notion.

The findings call for a review of future regulations for genetically modified crops, some researchers claim. Ellstrand states that "some people now believe that biosafety regulations could be relaxed since we have a an incredibly comfortable relationship with genetic engineering for two decades." The study found that any new products need to be evaluated carefully.


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