Notes

What happened to make Roundup Ready & Roundup come to be?
What is Roundup Ready and what are the Roundup Ready varieties? ラウンドアップ Roundup Ready is the trademark name of a line of genetically modified crops that are resistant to Roundup. The crops are referred to as Roundup Ready.

Roundup was invented by who?
ラウンドアップ John Franz (Monsanto Chemist) first discovered Glyphosate as an herbicide in Roundup. Pre-emergent herbicides were used in the ag sector at the time. They were applied prior to the crop or weeds appeared. The remarkable post-emergent efficacy of glyphosate in controlling large amounts of broadleaf grass weeds was awe-inspiring. This, along with its extraordinary environmental (soil degradation rapid degradation, soil degradation, etc.) and toxicological characteristics (extremely high toxicity to mammals (and beneficial organisms), created a remarkable product.

What year was it when Roundup created?
Roundup(r) was first introduced to the market in 1974, as a broad-spectrum herbicide and quickly became one of the top agricultural chemicals on the market. It was initially employed in ditches, on railroads and also on fields between the growing seasons. It allowed farmers to control grass and broadleaf wild plants from the soil. It also reduced the need for tillage and preserved the soil structure.

Then came the issue of Roundup Ready GMOs.
Monsanto scientists recognized the potential benefits that Roundup(r) Recombinant DNA product, might bring to farmers following the discoveries made in the 1970s. Ernie Jaworski led a small team of Steve Rogers, Rob Horsch and myself to address this problem. In the early 1980s this team had created the first methods to introduce genes in plants. Our focus was now on the development of virus-resistant plants, which are insect resistant and Roundup-tolerant.

It was found out that Roundup was able to inhibit the biochemical pathway in plants which produce aromatic amino acids. https://pesticide.maff.go.jp/agricultural-chemicals/details/14360 (Both animals as well as humans do not have this pathway, which explains Roundup's superior level of mammalian security). Additionally it quickly broken down by soil microorganisms. In the mid-80s, researchers identified both plants' genes as well as microbial genes which conferred higher tolerance to herbicides. In 1987, the USDA approved the first field trial of Roundup Ready crops. The Roundup-resistant plant included genetically altered tomatoes which were resistant to Roundup. https://rd.listing.yahoo.co.jp/p/search/GU=Aw-6eGMAAABxhWHKplljSf3GwAUrznrXniFyaWKXRguaYRfltcaRBalbtny8caa1yb1ZWGK5MItVbb6iJ8ZasQLV27e1OA9mpQ257TQVyFIfvnFMjodIvhOouGhIkgLP-lzJfgabZmh4h2ZL2hW2AAjNN3XBK_cF_UJm4A0zGqJ5WZqdZp8C_Jc2rCWJyM6RpcUA50jmrVKFuf1TSz-tF9ILUJ_IHyqueifTSRKbH5q8fmkYQ1T5YFg9xj1P1lZPxkq7Q80MCs1scqYsrzs7-uTMtIj0iVdhIqOR4Ba6SVo9yW3IegyNgPYjP9q8nHX71NWvutRnZ1LTItCL-kH142iFLyPUU4FCTL3rm7x2LDB7IZLRf2PnQEELH5HBhBue1RrtIgoRI7yTJ5Cnz06Qp6zbFKdLYVt3WFmususJqyKLv799lAeQ6c29l-odWPuApVTUN6Co0kAgshZAqRfVgw6Y2MgnDUMH2FVXCOLF7buqBMHI4Z2T4A302AATChSxJ4ML66ibLVGIaPB6BjE4ZLsYCjcsgyPrDilQWdLX4T2AcMuVwF31lzdcGOfzpJQBdz615jACgcZO7NABBlRC2qv7FoxHhfzb46kkFWfM9HMjrylVop1ZQ3r8HRC17FEJrOJeOgBrYCVM5moEEUOqSAX-59_sRycN_p9BO2IrWdcT-Xso5M4m4alPuNY6CthWqnS6sRo_fHbnkP7M73zf-kuZG9Rt9qCkkvBp3tjWY0fDd6iPWNjq5MQs0GErbDFIdoWVDxCbcBt0Krtw9zXTqndYT3L29ALnOjHPWM6AWizFmW8eBLVwZ66Df-rz9zXci3jERh7B6OiL2ZeBClxsg_85cqSMhnq-;/?ep=Aw-6eGMAAH4ZsqugT6qdad5L7DbBNQnwIfNdM5NgwyX1uEqpjYsRXjEX6W1-qpzWeswSDMRT-F3VZYOxNM8F--OUDKhWbjQE-ob8E931BRBGVYEEH7ChXD2KU1eLArX7ZgPnlJKCzKbaR6abBGe-kCn6ZNlh06eIEzM1z6UebyzBZ1UNQXVn4R7j5ScPdq-IOBzRPSOupORPi5xiwjGVi85gfRzs0TsVC8vZ&v=2 After a few years, the bacterial gene which would eventually become the Roundup Ready trait was discovered, isolated and introduced into plants.

Let's consider soybeans as an illustration. We'll address the following questions: What are Roundup Ready soybeans? How are Roundup ready soybeans produced. Roundup Ready Soybeans are genetically engineered soybeans that have had their DNA altered so that they are able to resist the herbicide glyphosate which is the main component in the herbicide, Roundup. These soybeans are tolerant to glyphosate because every soybean seed has the gene for Roundup Ready implanted into it before it is planted. This permits farmers to spray their fields with Roundup Ready herbicides to kill weeds but not their crops.

Roundup Ready crop introductions in 1996 had a significant impact on agriculture as well as agricultural science. ラウンドアップ Roundup resistance was rapidly adopted by farmers. Today over 90% of U.S. soybean, cotton, and canola fields use biotech-based traits that allow the herbicide to be tolerant. Roundup Ready crops have simplified and enhanced weed control methods that resulted in greater yields of the crop. In addition to cutting down on tillage and equipment expenses, Roundup Ready crops also facilitate harvests as there are fewer weeds. A major environmental benefit is the growing use of conservation tillage. Through reducing plowing, farmers reduced the amount of energy used and also GHG emissions while also preserving soil structure and reducing erosion. In 2013 this was equivalent to removing 28 billion kilograms of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, or equivalent to taking 12.4 million cars from the roads for a year (Source: PG Economics).
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