Notes

Fund, Credit, Investments instructions Economical Categories
Scientific works in the ideas of finances and credit, according to the specification in the research object, happen to be characterized to become many-sided and many-leveled.

The definition of wholeness with the economical relationships formed in the particular process of creation, distribution and using finances, as funds sources is extensively spread. For example, in "the standard theory of finances" there are two definitions of finances:

1) "... Finances indicate economical relations, development from the funds of money sources, inside the process involving distribution and partage of national invoices according to the distribution and usage". This description is given relatively in order to the conditions associated with Capitalism, when cash-commodity relations gain universal character;

2) "Finances represent the formation of centralized ad decentralized money sources, economical relations relatively together with the distribution and even usage, which provide for fulfillment of the state functions and obligations and in addition provision of typically the conditions with the widened further production". This particular definition is produced without showing typically the environment of the action. We talk about partly such justification of finances and even think expedient in order to make some specification.

First, finances get over the bounds involving distribution and répartition service in the countrywide income, though this is a basic foundation of finances. Furthermore, formation and utilization of the fall fund that is typically the part of financial domain, belongs not really to the supply and redistribution regarding the national salary (of newly produced value during a new year), but for the particular distribution of previously developed value.

This particular latest first appears to be a part of associated with main industrial finances, later it is definitely moved to the cost price of an all sety product (that is always to the value too) after its realization, and it is set the particular depression fund. Their source is used into account before hand as a depressive disorders kind in the consistence with the prepared products cost price.

2nd, main goal regarding finances is significantly wider then "fulfillment with the state functions and obligations and even provision of conditions to the widened even more production". Finances are present within the state level and also on typically the manufactures and branches' level too, plus in such conditions, when the just about all portion of the manufactures will be not state.

Sixth v. M. Rodionova provides a different place about this subject: "real formation regarding the money begins on the stage of distribution, once the value is noticed and concrete inexpensive forms of typically the realized value are separated from typically the consistence of the profit". V. M. Rodionova makes an highlight of finances, because distributing relations, if D. S. Moliakov underlines industrial base of finances. Even though both of these people give quite establish discussion of funds, as a program of formation, distribution and using the funds involving sources, that comes out of the following meaning of the finances: "financial cash relations, which often forms in the process of submission and redistribution involving the partial associated with the national wealth and total interpersonal product, is related to the subjects associated with the economy and formation and utilization of the condition cash incomes in addition to savings in typically the widened further manufacturing, in the materials stimulation of the workers for fulfillment from the society cultural as well as other requests".

Inside the manuals of the political economic climate we meet using the following definitions associated with finances:
"Finances involving the socialistic condition represent economical (cash) relations, with the help of which, in the method of planned supply of the incomes and savings the funds of cash sources of the express and socialistic manufactures are formed regarding guaranteeing the growth associated with the production, rising the material and even cultural level regarding the people as well as for satisfying other standard society requests".
"The system of design and usage regarding necessary funds involving cash resources for guarantying socialistic increased further production signify precisely the finances regarding the socialistic community. And the wholeness of economical relationships arisen between condition, manufactures and businesses, branches, regions and separate citizen based on the movement of funds funds make economic relations".
As coming from seen, definitions of finances made by financiers and politics economists tend not to vary greatly.
In most reviewed position you will find:

1) expression of substance and phenomenon within the definition of finances;

2) typically the definition of funds, as the approach to the creation and even usage of finances of money sources on the level regarding phenomenon.

3) Distribution of finances because social product plus the value of countrywide income, definition of the distributions designed character, main targets of the economic system and economical associations, for servicing of which it is applied.

If refuse the particular preposition "socialistic" throughout the associated with finances, we may state, that it even now keeps actuality. All of us meet with such traditional definitions of money, with no adjective "socialistic", in the present00 economical literature. We might give many of these an elucidation: "finances represent cash solutions of production and even usage, also funds relations appeared in the process regarding distributing values of formed economical product and national riches for formation in addition to further production involving the cash incomes and savings in the economical subjects and even state, rewarding with the workers and satisfaction of the interpersonal requests". in this elucidation of budget like D. S. Moliakov and Sixth v. M. Rodionov's meanings, following the standard inheritance, we discuss with the widening from the financial foundation. These people concern "distribution plus redistribution of typically the associated with created economical product, also the partial distribution involving the value of national wealth". This latest is very real, relatively to typically the means of privatization in addition to the transition to privacy and it is occasionally used in exercise in different nations around the world, for instance , Great The uk and France.

"Finances - are funds sources, money, their particular creation and motion, distribution and redistribution, usage, also affordable relations, which can be trained by intercalculations in between the economical topics, movement of funds sources, money blood circulation and usage".
"Finances are the system regarding economical relations, which in turn are connected together with firm creation, submission and usage involving financial resources".

We meet with totally innovational definitions involving finances in Z .. Body and Ur. Merton's basis manuals. "Finance - is it doesn't science about exactly how individuals lead wasting `the deficit dollars resources and incomes within the definite period of time. Typically the financial decisions will be characterized by the expenses and incomes which are 1) separated on time, and 2) as a rule, it is impossible to consider these people into account in advance neither by individuals who get decisions neither any other person". "Financial theory is composed of numbers of typically the conceptions... which discovers systematically the topics associated with distribution from the dollars resources relatively to the time element; it also thinks quantitative models, with the help of that this estimation, adding into practice plus realization of the alternative variants of every financial selections take place".

These kinds of basic conceptions and even quantitative models are widely-used at every levels of getting economical decisions, but also in the particular latest definition regarding finances, we satisfy with the following procession of the monetary foundation: main functionality of the costs with the satisfaction associated with the people's demands; the subjects regarding economical activities involving any kind (firms, also state organs of each and every level) are directed towards satisfying this basic perform.

For the goals of our monograph, it is important to be able to compare well-known meanings about finances, credit rating and investment, to be able to decide how and just how much it is certainly possible to integrate the finances, purchases and credit in to the one total component.

Some researcher point that credit may be the consisting part associated with finances, if that is discussed in the position of importance and category. One other, more numerous class proves, that a good economical category involving credit exists seite an seite to the cost-effective category of finances, in which it underlines impossibility of the credit's existence in the consistence regarding finances.

N. K. Kuchukova underlined the particular independence of the particular class of credit in addition to notes that that is only their "characteristic feature the particular turned movement with the value, which is not related with transmitting of the personal loan opportunities together with the owners' rights".

N. D. Barkovski replies that working of money made an economical base for apportioning budget and credit because an independent type and gave climb to the credit score and financial relations. He noticed the Gnoseological roots of science in money and credit, as being the science about budget has business using the research of like economical relations, which lean upon income and credit.
Why don't discuss the most spread definitions of credit. in the particular modern publications credit appeared to end up being "luckier", then financial situation. For example, we all meet with the following definition of credit score in the finance-economical dictionary: "credit may be the loan in the form of money and commodity together with the conditions of going back, usually, by spending percent. Credit symbolizes a form of movement with the personal loan capital and presents economical relations between the creditor plus borrower".

This is the traditional definition of credit. In the last dictionary of the particular economy we read: "credit is the particular system of inexpensive relations, which is usually formed while typically the transmission of money in addition to material means directly into the temporal utilization, as a concept under the conditions of returning and even paying percent".
Inside the manual of the particular political economy released under reduction regarding V. A. Medvedev the following definition is definitely given: "credit, while an economical category, expresses the made relations between the particular society, labour group and workers in the course of formation and utilization of the loan money, under the words of paying present and returning, during transmission of sources for the temporal usage and accumulation".

Credit is talked about within the following approach in the sooner education-methodological manuals of politics economy: "credit is definitely the system associated with money relations, which in turn is created in the process regarding using and mobilization of temporarily free cash ways of the particular state budget, assemblage, manufactures, organizations and even population. Credit posseses an objective character. It is used for providing widened further manufacturing from the state plus other needs. https://branchdad7.bloggersdelight.dk/2022/07/15/the-most-effective-car-deals-low-finance-rates-vs-rebates-which-should-you-choose/ differs from finances by the coming back character, while auto financing of manufactures and organizations by the state is happy without this condition".

We meet together with the following definition if "the span of economy": "credit is surely an economical category, which in turn represents relations, while the separate industrial organizations or persons send money means in order to each-other for temporary usage under the particular conditions of going back. Creation of credit rating is conditioned simply by a historical means of fulfilling the cost-effective and money associations, the form involving which is the money relation".

Following researchers give slightly various definitions of credit:
"Credit - is definitely a loan within the form involving money or asset, which is provided to the borrower with a creditor under the particular conditions of going back and paying the particular percentage rate by the borrower".
Credit score is giving the temporally free cash sources or commodity as a credit card debt for your defined phrases by the price of fixed percentage. Therefore, a credit may be the loan in the particular form of funds or commodity. In the process of this loan's movement, a certain relations are produced between a creditor (the loan is usually given by the juridical of actual person, who gives certain cash since a debt) and the debtor.
Merging every definition known as above, we are available to a thought, that will credit is offering money capital of commodity as a credit card debt, for certain conditions and material accessibility under the selling price of firm portion rate. It presents definite economical associations between the individuals of the process of capital creation. Necessity of the credit relations is usually conditioned, from one particular side, by get together solid quantity of temporarily free funds sources, and by the second area, existence of requests of them.

Nevertheless, as well we need to distinguish two similarity to concepts: loan plus credit. Loan is characterized by:

um Here, the conversation may touch on transmission of money and also issues form one part (loaner) to one other (borrower): a)under the owning of the particular borrower and, with the same moment, b) under the problems of returning same exact amount or same exact quantity and quality of the items;

o The lending of money may well bear no attention;

o Any person may take portion in it.
Along with the difference together with loan, credit, which usually is somehow a private occasion of the particular loan, represents:

u One side (loaner) gives to the second one (borrower) only money, plus _ for temporary usage;

o That may not bear no interest (if the assignment will not foresee something);

o Inside creditor will be not any individual, but a credit score organization (at primaly, banks).
So, a new credit is the particular bank credit. In order to our mind, that is not right to use "credit" and even "loan" as the particular synonyms.
Banking crediting is the association of relations involving bank (as a creditor) and their borrower. These associations touch upon:

a) Providing a certain volume of money towards the borrower for certain purpose (though, all of us meet with typically the so-called free breaks, aims and things of crediting will be not appointed inside the assignment);


b) Its opportune coming back again;

c) Getting proportion rate from the borrower for applying the sources underneath his/her disposal.
The essential foundation associated with the credit essence and its important aspect is existence regarding trust between the two sides (in Latin "credo", coming from which comes the word "credit", means "trust").
From the location of circulation regarding money forms (in the abstraction, traditional process of development economical relations in addition to social budget and banking systems portrayed by them) assessing different definitions of finances and credit, the paradox summary appears: credit is the private occasion involving finances. And genuinely, from the placement of movement of the money forms, finances represent the formation and use of typically the funds of money implies. Very often this kind of movements are happy without returning, nevertheless sometimes, it is possible to supply loans from typically the pay up the purchase projects of other needs. Also, whenever a manufacture or even corporations use their own cash funds and we mean the particular finances of business subject, such utilization can be realized because inside the manufacture or corporation (there will be no subject regarding returning or not coming back again of the usage), so gratis below conditions of coming back again. This latest is known as commercial form due to transmitting the sources to others, yet even in this celebration, it is the element regarding financial system from the manufacture and organization.

From the point of cash means motion, main character of credit is the particular process of creation and usage of the funds regarding cash means under the conditions associated with returning and, generally speaking, taking the value-percentage. If gating the particular credit value does not occur (even in the exceptional occasions), according to the movement form, credit turns into a private occasion of finances, since through the net economical funds (consequently through the state budget) the loans which bear no hobbies may be applied. If gating credit value takes spot, by the look form, credit will be discussed to end up being financial modification.

Through the historical point of view, finances (especially in the sort of the state budget) and credit (beginning with usury, later commercial in addition to banking) were building differently for considering credit to be the section of financial situation. Though, in the genetic-historical point of see, previous loaners, just before giving loan, desired gathering the everlasting capital not returning, this provides the net monetary foundation. The banking companies analogously needed focus in the important individual capital for influxing the consumers' implies as well as for getting larger percentage rate beneath the conditions associated with returning. Herewith, specifically on the economic basis, in typically the type of financial fund (which later to some extent becomes loan fund) area of the bank funds appears to be the booking (insurance) part of the fund, which usually by nature is certainly financial and not really loan. So in spite of the essential differences between finances plus credit form the genetic-historical point involving view, credit is apparently formed from funds and represent their own modification.

From the essential position regarding expressing economical relationships of finances in addition to credit, we satisfy with cardinal differences between both of these categories. Which mostly indicated by the distinction of the movements forms notwithstanding they will are returnable or not. Finances show relations in typically the areas of distribution and redistribution of social product and element of the national wealth. Credit expresses distribution of typically the appropriate value simply in the section associated with percentage given intended for loan, while in accordance to the financial loan itself, an just a temporal distribution of money places takes place.
Herewith, you will find a lot involving common between your funds and credit as from the essential point of view, so according to the form of movement. As well, there is the significant distinction between finances and credit as in the inclusion of, so in the particular form too. According to this, presently there must be a new kind of usually economical category, that may consider finances and credit as some sort of total unity, and in the bounds of this group itself, the splitting up of the special essence of the finances and credit would occur.

Funding of https://mooc.elte.hu/eportfolios/471676/Home/Your_own_Bank_and_Company_Financing__Reality_Check means is popular towards the researched affordable categories. It uses place in any kind of separate system of finances and credit, which has been touched after in the analyses associated with defining finances in addition to credit. Word mixture "funding of the particular cash sources (fund formation)" reflects and defines exactly essence and type of affordable category of extra general character, the ones from finances and credit categories. Though within the in economical texts and practice, it is extremely uncomfortable to use a termini, which often consists of 3 words. Also, "unloading" with an details hardens greatly its influxing into the circulation in the conditions of their strict substantiation in addition to thoroughness.
In the discussing context we all consider:

1) broad and narrow understanding of economical group of the finances;

2) discussing finances on narrow understanding in general traditional which means;

3) discussing budget, as funding from the cash means, on wide understanding, which often concerns finances - in narrow which means and credit - in complete that means.
Termini "funding" and its equivalent "fund formation" are used by simply us as the purposeful structuring associated with cash means, which is based on 2 poles - accumulation involving sources (gathering) as well as usage intended for definite purpose within the way regarding financing and crediting.
We now have established a new termini instructions "finance-investment sphere" (FIS). Analyses about interrelation of finances plus credit produced by us all give us an opportunity of proving, that will in the given termini, the term "financial" is used with the meaning associated with funding cash sources, its purposeful structuring. In this process we consider with the same time financial, credit plus investments' economical types.

Let's sum up middle outcomes of discussing new concept - "finance-investment sphere" and even discuss its expense consisting parts.

The particular concept "investments" had been brought into typically the native economical scientific research through the West. Inside the Soviet inexpensive science they regarding a long time used in the area "investments" the termini "capital placement", which often expressed the utilization of the commercial aspects in the ball of real commercial activities during understanding of capital jobs. From one glance, this termini inside its concept is certainly identical to the "investments", consequently you are able to make use of them as word alternatives. Though the termini "investments" and "investing" have advantage toward the termini "capital placement" from linguistic and philological items of view, since they are expressed with a single word. This is usually not only inexpensive and comfortable in the process of working with the termini "investment" itself, but in addition it gives an opportunity of termini development. More concretely: "investment process", "investment domain", "finance-investment sphere" instructions all these termini are more acceptable.
Changing native affordable termini with foreign ones is purposeful, if this really concerns (by keeping seite an seite usage of the native termini for the particular inheritance). Though all of us must not transform native economical termini into foreign types all together, any time by ordinal conventional language easy to explain private plus narrow concrete procedures and elements get their own termini. The "movement" of such termini is authorized inside the narrow professional bounds, but their particular "spitting out" into the economical technology may turn affordable language into typically the tangled slang.

A few discuss termini : "investment" and "capital placement's" usage in the economical literature.
Investments are keeping of funds into the particular main and blood circulation capital for the particular purpose of finding profit. "Investments found in material assets -- would be the placements regarding funds into typically the mobile and specific estate (land, complexes, furniture and thus on). Investments in financial assets usually are the placements associated with funds into the particular securities bank company accounts and other monetary instruments".

We no longer meet with the termini "investments" within the earlier cost-effective dictionary, but we meet the merged termini "investment policy" - the marriage in the industrial selections, which guarantee major directions of typically the capital investments, the particular activities of their very own concentration in the particular determinant suburbs, on which the reaching of planned prices of development of the society generation is depended, controlling and effectiveness, receiving more and even more generation and profit associated with the national income for every shed Ruble". For right now, in the most actual definitions, the money investments are bounded only by economic means, being used sole financial, but in addition typically the investment of natural, material-technical and informational resources occurs. Time resources take an actual place throughout the investment procedure. They themselves satisfy a investment method.

A good side associated with the discussed definitions is that these people connect investment plan and capital positions (investments):

- affordable development according to the key directions to the attention;

- providing great rates of cost-effective growth;

- raising an economical effectiveness, which in turn is expressed:

a) by growing the throw off in the production and national income for every lost Ruble;

b) by fulfilling the particular branch structure associated with the investments;

c) by improving their particular technological structure;

d) by optimization associated with their further production structure.

Compared together with such definition regarding the investments (capital placement) the meaning regarding investments in typically the dictionary attaching the "Economics" seems to be able to be unimproved: "investments - the expenditures of gathering production and industrial indicates and increasing stuff reserve". With this definition current expenses (production expenses) are combined with the expense (capital) expense. Furthermore, not the expense expenses but (though the investments will be followed by the appropriate expenses) specifically advancing. It differs from the expenditures by that typically the means (means) are put by coming back again the advanced values, also, under the conditions of progress, to which typically the concept-advanced capital is usually corresponding. the improving may be realized in the money, natural-material and informational forms.

Except the termini "investments", there are two more termini related with typically the investment. They will be shown below.

"Human capital investment" : any activity supplied for rising the particular workers labour efficiency (in the way of growing their qualification and building their abilities); from the expenses associated with improving the workers' education, health in addition to raising the freedom in the working forces". It is rather useful to use the described termini, though it takes one correction: a persons capital investments do not concern only staff, but also typically the servants, representatives regarding every sort of work.
"Investment commodity, funds goods - the capital. "

Inside of the official instructions of political economic system of the reformation time the capital investments are mentioned as "expenses regarding creating new main funds and extending, reconstruction and restoring the active ones". In this definition the investments (capital placements) during splitting up in the forms (types) of further production with the main funds are bounded just by main money (without increases involving the circulation funds and insurance reserves):

a) creating fresh ones;

b) widening;

c) reconstruction;

d) renewing.

Also, typically the concept of the particular industrial gathering shows up, at the expenses of widening regarding basic, circulation finances and also insurance reserves takes place".

You'll meet beneath the definitions involving investments from "the course of economy": the investments are "placements of finance into the simple capital (basic indicates of production), stored, also other cost-effective objects and process, which request long-termed influxing of material and even cash means. "According to the trademark capital into actual and money kinds, the investments as well must be divided into material plus cash investments".

That they apportion investment commodity, to which are supposed to be industrial and nonindustrial building objects, vehicles purposed for varying or widened technical park and the particular furniture, increasing stored while others.

"They contact the entire investments involving production an investment decision product, which is aimed towards keeping in addition to increasing the basic funds (basic means) in addition to reserve. Total investments consist of two parts. One associated with them is known as the particular depreciation; it signifies important investment solutions for compensation regarding renewal till the level of before industrial usage, wearing out and even repairing of the basic means. Next consisting section of the complete investments is showed by net opportunities - capital opportunities for the objective of increasing basic means". Depreciation will be not a compensation resource of putting on the essential funds out and about, nonetheless it is the purposeful financial source of such resources.
Human being capital investment is definitely "a specific sort of investments, generally in education plus health protection".

"Real investments are the particular investments in the economical branches and also, they are forms of economical activities, which in turn provide influxing the increases of genuine capital, that will be increasing material beliefs with the industrial means". We could agree along with such definition together with one specification that will material and nonmaterial values too belong to the true capital (wealth), subsequently science-researching experimental-construction benefits, various information, training of he personnel yet others. Such support as organization associated with the excitable game titles, also the support of redistribution social wealth from private person to another (except charity).

"Financial assets represent placement of funds into the shares, obligations, promissory information, other securities in addition to instruments. Such purchases, of course, do not give increases of the real material capital, however they help getting earnings, consequently at the expenses of altering the course of typically the securities inside the moment of speculation, or distinguishing the program in different locations of sell in addition to purchasing". We talk about wholly such classification, hence it comes after that financial investments (if it will be not followed by simply real investments since a result) do not increase real material wealth in addition to real nonmaterial wealth. According to Great post to read , the appearance below is vital: "we must distinguish economic investments, which stand for placement of the funds in the methods of selling plus purchasing the investments for the goal of getting earnings and financial investments, which become cash and real, changed to real actual physical capital. "

In the "economical course" quoted before long plus short-termed investments are usually separated. Recognizing typically the existence of typically the bounds between all of them, the authors ascribe short-termed investments to "one month or even more" investments. In the event that we get this kind of conditioned criteria, of which we can phone the investments which in turn overcome the conditions of some a few months, long-termed ones, that is very doubtful and we don't agree with it. A long-termed character of typically the fund placement is usually a significant function of the opportunities (short-term doesn't put together with the idea of investments). Principally, it will be much better to point out quick compensative, midsection termed compensative plus long-termed compensative investments:

- less after that 6 months -- quick compensative;

: from 6 weeks up to the year and even a half : middle termed compensative;

- more then this year and a new half - long termed compensative.

We stopped at the classification of the investments in the capital work "economical course" regarding the special objective, as, inside typically the author tried to be able to discuss the idea of investments systemically and quite totally, herewith the guide is published just now.

We'll return to the topic the description economical group of "investments" in different journals in the following chapter. The definitions given here are usually quite enough with regard to having a notion of the level of lighting up the given category in the economical literary works.
What conclusions could possibly be made according the definition of the pointed out economical category found in the published functions, except the built notions and technical specs?

There is really deeply, concretely plus thoroughly defined the idea of "investments", different explanations in the economical literature; but typically in each and every works concerning the investments reviewed by us until now, there will be not opened the particular essence of assets as an inexpensive category. In every single monograph, even when this has a title investment, as a good economical category, generally there is given only the definition, concept involving investments. But, like the Academician Vasil Chantladze explains, "a concept can be a discussion, which proves a thing about the specific feature of the particular researched object. Some sort of concept away from much essential characteristic functions represents only 1, and even essential inside it is only - definition".

But the categories are much wider; it is "a key, typically the most fundamental idea of every science". Economical categories in theory represent real, objectively existed productive contact. A category could be the defining of situations of existed figures, connections, relations of the objective world. Usually, any educational process is fulfilled from the categories, which offer opportunities for separating the processes and even occasions semantically, regarding expressing the meanings of your subject and even realize their particular peculiarities and cost-effective relations of a material world.
The goal is precisely to substantiate investments : as an cost-effective category and likewise, like a financial class in the narrow comprehending.

Here we utilize for another handbook thesis manufactured by the particular academician Vasil Chantladze: "every financial connection is an inexpensive one and each financial category will be and economical 1, although not every economical relation and inexpensive category is economical relation and monetary category".
In the process of identifying the investments, it is important to take in head the perimeters of solutions, expenses and earnings, because investment, coming from one side, will be the result regarding the manufacture's exercise, and, from one other one, - a part of income, which, in this kind of case, is not really employed for usage.
One other occasion: it is usually advisable to go over purchases of two factors: as a category associated with reserve and movement, which will echo exactly the relationship between "placement regarding funds" and "investments".

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