Notes

10. Name one use of glucose in plants.
Respiration/Make and strengthen cellulose cell wall
Make starch for storage/Make lipids as an energy store

17. Give one importance of respiration.
Metabolic reactions (eg. build muscle)/muscle contraction
maintaining body temperature/active transport

26. Give one example of a metabolic reaction in
cells.
 Convert glucose to glycogen, starch,
cellulose
 Make lipids
 Make proteins
 Respiration
 Photosynthesis
 Breakdown of proteins

27. State a function of the liver.
Detoxification/Breakdown of old blood
cells/Remove lactic acid (convert to glucose)

2. How does the law of conservation of energy apply to chemistry?
In all chemical reactions, energy is either transferred to the
surroundings or from the surroundings.

4. Give two examples of exothermic reactions.
Combustion, respiration

7. Give two examples of endothermic reactions.
Thermal decomposition reactions, citric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate.

9. State two uses of
exothermic reactions
Self-heating cans, hand warmers

10. State two uses of
endothermic reactions
Some cooling sports injury packs

18. Is breaking bonds endothermic or exothermic?
Endothermic. Chemical bonds are strong so require energy
to break (like when you have to put energy in to separate
magnets from each other)

19. Is making bonds endothermic or exothermic?
Exothermic. Energy is released when chemical bonds are
formed (like how two magnets move together when close
and generate kinetic energy)

11. Where is the cell body found in the sensory neurone?
Along/On the neurone fibre

12. Where is the cell body found in the motor neurone?
At the beginning of the motor neurone

18. What are synapses?
The junction/physical gap between neurones

21. What are hormones?
A hormone is a chemical substance, produced
by a gland and carried by the blood, which
alters the activity of specific target organs

32. Name one symptom of diabetes.
Excess urine/Feeling thirsty/Lack energy/Lose weight/Fatigue

38. What is the effect of thyroxine?
Controls metabolic rate


6. What is evolution? A change in the inherited characteristics of a
population over time through a process of
natural selection which may result in the
formation of a new species.

9. Define 'species'.
Organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

15. What is genetic engineering?
The process which involves modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene

25. Describe the five steps of fossilisation by mineralisation.
1. Organism dies and falls to the ground
2. Flesh decays, leaving the skeleton behind
3. Bones are covered in sand/soil
4. Bones become mineralised and turns into rock (fossil)
5. Rock with fossil emerges due to geological movement (eg. earthquake) and erosion occurs to reveal fossil

27. Give 4 reasons why the fossil record is
incomplete.
1. Many earliest life forms are soft-bodied
2. Most organisms did not become fossilised
3. Most early fossils were destroyed by geological activity
4. Many fossils are not yet found

39. Suggest 3 ways in which a hospital can reduce the spread of AB-resistant strains.
Only use antibiotics if really needed
use strain-specific antibiotics
maintain high hygiene
standards (eg. wash hands between patient visits)
isolate patients infected with resistant strain
visitors wash hands as they enter and leave

41. What does classification of organisms mean?
Organisation of living things into groups based on their similarities

43. State the 7 hierarchical levels of the Linnaean classification system.
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

49. How many domains and kingdoms do scientists now consider in classification?
3 domains; 6 kingdoms

50. Based on what knowledge were the three domains set?
Different biochemistry of cell and ribosomes, and how cells reproduce differently

51. What are the three domains?
Archaea, bacteria, eukaryota

52. What are the six kingdoms?
Archeabacteria, eubacteria, protista, fungi, plants, animals

53. How is classification helpful?
Helps us to understand evolutionary and ecological relationships

28. What is Le Chatelier's principle?
When a reaction at equilibrium is changed, it will seek to counteract that change

2. What is an example of a transverse wave?
Ripples on the surface of water

3. What is an example of a longitudinal wave?
Sound waves travelling through air

9. What is the equation from the Physics equation sheet that relates period and frequency?
period= 1/ frequency

16. What happens to waves at the boundary between materials?
They can be reflected, absorbed or transmitted.

19. What are electromagnetic waves?
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that transfer light energy from the source of the waves to an absorber.

The electromagnetic spectrum

25. How can radio waves be produced?
Oscillations in electrical circuits.

23. How did Bohr realise that his suggestions were correct?
His theoretical calculations agreed with experimental observations.

25. What did James Chadwick's experimental work show?
About 20 years after the understanding of the nucleus, he provided evidence of the existence of neutrons.

35. State a use of alpha particles:
They are used in smoke alarms, as smoke particles will stop alpha particles from reaching a detector.

36. State a use of beta particles:
Thickness monitoring of paper or aluminium sheets. The beta must be able to pass through the sheet to be detected and different amounts will be detected if the sheet is too thin or too thick.