Notes

Genetically modified crops provide more advantages than herbicides

Plants in the wild could be treated with herbicides.

ラウンドアップ -known method of the genetic modification of plants that make them herbicide-resistant has been found to give advantages to the weedy varieties of rice even when herbicide isn't present. This suggests that the benefits of such modification could extend beyond farms and into the wild.

A variety of crop varieties have been modified genetically so that they become immune to Roundup herbicide glyphosate. This resistance allows farmers to remove the majority of herbicides from their fields, without causing harm to their crops.

Glyphosate hinders growth of plants by blocking an enzyme known as EPSP synthase. ラウンドアップ is involved in the production of certain amino acids and other molecules that comprise as much as 35% of a plant's mass. Genetic modification, such as the Roundup Ready crops manufactured by Monsanto in St. Louis, Missouri, involves inserting genes to a crop's genetic code to increase EPSP production. The genes typically come from bacteria that has affected the plant.

The plant is able to withstand the effects glyphosate thanks to the additional EPSP synthase. Biotechnology labs also tried to use plants' genes to boost EPSP-synthase levels, in part to make use of an American loophole that permits regulatory approval of transgenes which are not derived from bacterial pests.

Few studies have tested whether transgenes such as those that confer glyphosate resistance are able to -- once they are wild or weedy relatives by cross-pollination -- make those plants more competitive in survival and reproduction. Norman Ellstrand of University of California Riverside declares, "The conventional expectation is that any type of transgene in the wild will confer disadvantage if there's no selection pressure because the added machinery can decrease the health."

However, a new study conducted by Lu Baorong, an ecologist at Fudan University in Shanghai, is challenging that notion: it shows that the weedy variant of the standard rice plant, Oryza sativa, gets an important boost in fitness due to the resistance to glyphosate even when glyphosate is not used.

ラウンドアップ was published in 1. Lu and his colleagues genetically modified cultivated rice to boost its EPSP synthase expression and crossed it with a weedy relative.

The team then allowed offspring to crossbreed with one another, creating second-generation hybrids that are genetically similar to their parents except the number of duplicates of the gene that codes for EPSP synthase. The researchers found that the hybrids that had more than one copy of the gene that encodes EPSP synthase expressed more enzyme and produced more tryptophan, in line with what was expected.

Researchers also discovered that transgenic plants were more photosynthesis-intensive, produced more flowers, and produced 48-125percent less seeds per plant than the nontransgenic hybrids. This was despite the fact that glyphosate was never present.

Making the weedy rice more competitive may cause more problems for farmers around the world who's plots are infested by pests, Lu says.

"If https://www.anochords.org/what-happened-to-make-roundup-ready-roundup-come-to-be/ -synthase genes are introduced in the wild rice species, their genetic diversity, which is really essential to protect may be at risk as the transgene's genotype would outcompete the normal species," Brian Ford-Lloyd an expert in plant genetics at the University of Birmingham, UK. " https://www.dtomarmaris.org/what-was-the-process-that-led-to-roundup-ready-and-roundup-develop/ is a clear illustration of the extremely plausible detrimental effects [of GM plants] on our environment."

The public has a perception that genetically engineered crops that have additional copies of microorganisms' genes are more secure than those that only contain their own genes. Lu says that the study "shows that this is not always true".

Researchers say this finding calls for review of the regulations for the future on genetically modified crops. Ellstrand claims that some people believe that biosafety regulations could be relaxed because we've had over two years of genetic engineering. "But the research still suggests that new products need an in-depth evaluation."


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