Notes

Genetically modified crops provide advantages to weeds

In nature, herbicide resistance could confer advantages to plants.

Credit to Xiao Yang
A genetic-modification technique used widely to make crops herbicide resistant has been found to provide advantages to the weedy rice, even in absence of herbicide. This suggests that the genetic modifications could also have the potential to impact wild animals.

There are many varieties of crops have been genetically altered to resist glyphosate. Roundup was the first herbicide that was marketed. This resistance allows farmers to eliminate most herbicides from their fields, without causing harm to their crops.

Glyphosate hinders growth of plants by blocking an enzyme referred to as EPSP synthase. ラウンドアップ 樹木 This enzyme is responsible for the production of specific amino acids as well as other molecules that account for about 35% of the plant's mass. The technique of genetic modification utilized, for instance in the Roundup Ready crops made by the biotechnology giant Monsanto located in St Louis, Missouri -usually involves inserting genes into a crop's genome to boost EPSP-synthase production. Genes are typically derived from bacteria that cause disease in the plants.

ラウンドアップ The plant can withstand the adverse effects of glyphosate due to the addition of EPSP synthase. Biotechnology laboratories are trying to utilize genes that come from plants instead of bacteria to increase EPSP synthase. This is due to the fact that the US law permits approval by the regulatory authorities to allow organisms that have transgenes to be approved.

Few studies have looked into the possibility that transgenes, like ones that confer resistance to the chemical glyphosate can increase the resilience of plants in their survival and reproduction after they cross-pollinate with wild or weedy species. ラウンドアップ "The traditional expectation is that any transgene can cause disadvantages in the wild in the absence of selection pressure, because the additional machinery could lower the fitness," says Norman Ellstrand an expert in plant genetics at the University of California in Riverside.

Lu Baorong, an ecologist from Fudan University in Shanghai has changed the way that he views this. He discovered that resistance to glyphosate provides a significant fitness lift to the weedy variant of the standard rice plant Oryza sativa.

Lu and his coworkers genetically modified the rice species to express the EPSP synthase, and then crossed-bred it with a plant that was weedy.

The researchers then allowed offspring to crossbreed with one-another, creating second generation hybrids which were genetically identical to their parents except for how many duplicates of the gene that codes for EPSP synthase. https://app.adjust.com/kxy6i5p?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fpaypayfleamarket.yahoo.co.jp%2Fsearch%2F%25E3%2583%25A9%25E3%2582%25A6%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2589%25E3%2582%25A2%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2597%3Fopen%3D1%26isnext%3D1%26sort%3Ddddr%26order%3Ddesc%26cpt_s%3Dyseo%26cpt_m%3Ddr%26cpt_n%3Dpfleama%26cpt_c%3Dsec%257Esc%257Cslk%257Enext%257Cpos%257E%257Cmtestid%257E%257Cm_pkjp%257E%257Cacwsg%257E0%257Chits%257E443%26cpt_k%3D%25E3%2583%25A9%25E3%2582%25A6%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2589%25E3%2582%25A2%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2597 The hybrids that had more copies of the gene had a higher chance to produce more tryptophan and had more enzyme levels over their counterparts that were not modified.

Researchers also discovered that transgenic plants had higher rates for photosynthesis and produced more flowers and produced 48 to 125 percent fewer seeds per plant than nontransgenic hybrids. This was in spite of the fact that glyphosate was never present.

Making weedy rice more competitive may increase the issues it creates for farmers around the world whose plots are invaded by the pest, Lu says.

Brian Ford-Lloyd of Brian Ford-Lloyd, a researcher at the University of Birmingham, UK, says "If the EPSP synthase gene is introduced to wild rice species their genetic diversity that was so important to conserve, may be endangered because it will beat out the conventional varieties." This is one of the clearest examples of extremely likely negative effects of GM crop on the environment."

ラウンドアップ The research also challenges the perception that genetically modified plants with additional copies of their genes are less risky than those containing microorganism genes. Lu states that the study "shows that this isn't always the case".

According to some research this research suggests that future regulation of genetically engineered crops should be reviewed. Ellstrand says that some people think that biosafety rules can be relaxed because we've had two decades of genetic engineering. The study doesn't prove that the new products are secure.

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