Notes

Genetically modified crops offer greater benefits than weeds

The wild plants may possess an herbicide resistance advantage.

Weedy rice may absorb transgenes derived from genetically modified rice by cross-pollinating. Credit: Xiao Yang
A method of genetic modification used extensively to make crops herbicide resistant has been found to confer advantages on an invasive form of rice even in absence of the herbicide. This suggests that the benefits of this modification could extend beyond farms and out into the wild.

A variety of crops are created genetically to resist the glyphosate. https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search?rkf=2&ei=UTF-8&gdr=1&fr=wsr_gs&p=%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97 The herbicide, originally called Roundup it was released on the market in the year 1996 under the trade name Roundup. This resistance to glyphosate allows farmers to wipe out most plants without damaging their crop.

Glyphosate can inhibit plant growth by blocking EPSP synase, an enzyme involved in the production of amino acids as well as other chemicals which comprise around 35% of plant mass. https://shopping.geocities.jp/truetools/category/roundup_maxload/ The genetic-modification technique -- utilized, for instance in Roundup Ready crops made by the biotech giant Monsanto located in St Louis, Missouri -- typically includes inserting genes into the crop's genome to boost EPSP-synthase production. The genes typically come from bacteria that has infected plants.

The plant is able to endure the negative effects of glyphosate because it has an extra EPSP-synthase. Biotechnology laboratories are looking to use genes from plants instead of bacteria to increase EPSP synthase. This is mainly due to the US law allows for approval by the regulatory authorities to allow organisms with transgenes to be accepted.

A few studies have looked into whether transgenes , such as those that confer resistance to glyphosate are able to -- once they are weedy or wild relatives through cross-pollination -- make those plants more competitive in survival and reproduction. Norman Ellstrand is a University of California Riverside plant geneticist. "The hypothesis is that any transgene can cause disadvantage in the wild, in the absence of selective pressure since it could reduce fitness," Ellstrand said.

Lu Baorong, an ecologist from Fudan University in Shanghai has rewritten that view. He found that glyphosate resistance provides a significant fitness lift to the weedy variant of the standard rice crop Oryza Sativa.

In the study published this month in New Phytologist 1, Lu and his coworkers genetically altered the cultivated rice species to enhance the species' own EPSP synthase. ラウンドアップ They crossed the modified rice with a weedy cousin.

The team then allowed the breeding offspring from the cross to mix with one another, creating second-generation hybrids that were genetically identical except in the number of copies of the gene encoding EPSP synthase. As was expected, those with more copies of the gene had higher enzyme levels and produced an increased amount of amino acid tryptophan in comparison to their counterparts that were not modified.

Researchers also found that transgenic hybrids produced between 48 to 125 percent more seeds per plant, and had higher photosynthesis rates and produced more shoots than non-transgenic ones.

Lu believes that making rice that is weedy less competitive could make it harder for farmers who have their plots affected by the pest.

Brian Ford-Lloyd (a UK plant geneticist) claims that if the EPSP-synthase gene is introduced into wild rice species, their genetic diversity which is so important to conserve could be endangered. The transgene will surpass the normal species. ラウンドアップ "This is an illustration of the most plausible and damaging effects of GM crops on the environment."

This study challenges public perception that genetically modified crops that carry additional copies of their genes are safer than those that contain genes from microorganisms. Lu claims that the research does not contradict this belief.

Researchers believe that the findings call for a reconsideration of the way that genetically modified crops will be regulated in the near future. https://rd.listing.yahoo.co.jp/p/search/GU=A4boAGMAAPbUMr0CtbOunlYICtwFAP5-zoXiXPIHNQ6huc8dwDdR0usvJVTkHEHc2_FleATYbtshxJ9e_xNMSTh3AxK8Ah7s6HcVZ4nK1gAifctaNALU0kH4NdNDrnKwbo6lkeKxCbJKocEWaHKali8YcGk07js3KQ1rqxk6Z3R-ZQystQchRwVMDOIzjuuK95bQCh7CS1wa0Yp2MPg3oVOawD-SN73LCMxzYsy_UDLUYFYHK3JCcxqEnp1R4nPf4S8bFRA71-7oBfGsJ5DDmcoGEtGfIDH1WvvhoT_Etp8lstMP6MMVWDasiKbrYwjeF6ZT9NhbZ_ZN4ZG2vChanS3Oux18Fowk1_DwCo0E6UixyD1smHjAzBaiEroUTabMX-O86jk_kRXlblHzqHAjLArHdknfxivp14X_O2iu3YIcN0p4dJqM-E5a7CcF3LWmyGMYAfdRaQFrKydIPelIdiIL2hm3iH4MD8-7cCeT59DrPelg9Rb0Q0jqBKMRgYVwVWlI5bT2nJA5ZLUvilNw_u9Gf522ryYXVJUG4iqeMJBPvRIAr7CJUpwxf46DvQluvvSm-MhFZSgzGuN32LtICuICU910T_VXCOJD1X8sKKu98iagQgAAatZakuoO3Qnoq4j4blQnxcM-Ymrt1rLPC3mEWy7m434T7z6oN0q8lIgnejf56ZL_oBkdDLIC-goMahqnQ0kT7HtS0dovKLU1Xk5i4w6KJRN_fBSd6Q5wAAtuCmJFqD4FeeEBc55IWt8gNhV9r-6QavcMceLrcOjYNqwJj-aFk9QRv_0;/?ep=A4boAGMAABpRIBPjCiBaw4KSUPWJig43jQIVWb11LFAEOHLobwpo4HKrW05Pc0opFlaINmbTPEkQVZE6nIniyYTCuWeugqg8lDHY_RW0kGXzBe-jaCjdcvmqC4__B2ij7zRvreVVs1A3YrF-VSM54KZrQ9PAH9zL9yk_ByGsGBIgSH0wDWyGRCzO2kXpRPG-EyTkGX9cmE9JQTPY56u64B9-4s_oqKP0X2Q0YQ&v=2 "Some people are now saying that biosafety regulations can be eased because we've reached an extremely high level of satisfaction with two decades of genetic engineering," Ellstrand says. "But the research indicates that innovative products require an in-depth evaluation."


Website: https://rd.listing.yahoo.co.jp/p/search/GU=A4boAGMAAPbUMr0CtbOunlYICtwFAP5-zoXiXPIHNQ6huc8dwDdR0usvJVTkHEHc2_FleATYbtshxJ9e_xNMSTh3AxK8Ah7s6HcVZ4nK1gAifctaNALU0kH4NdNDrnKwbo6lkeKxCbJKocEWaHKali8YcGk07js3KQ1rqxk6Z3R-ZQystQchRwVMDOIzjuuK95bQCh7CS1wa0Yp2MPg3oVOawD-SN73LCMxzYsy_UDLUYFYHK3JCcxqEnp1R4nPf4S8bFRA71-7oBfGsJ5DDmcoGEtGfIDH1WvvhoT_Etp8lstMP6MMVWDasiKbrYwjeF6ZT9NhbZ_ZN4ZG2vChanS3Oux18Fowk1_DwCo0E6UixyD1smHjAzBaiEroUTabMX-O86jk_kRXlblHzqHAjLArHdknfxivp14X_O2iu3YIcN0p4dJqM-E5a7CcF3LWmyGMYAfdRaQFrKydIPelIdiIL2hm3iH4MD8-7cCeT59DrPelg9Rb0Q0jqBKMRgYVwVWlI5bT2nJA5ZLUvilNw_u9Gf522ryYXVJUG4iqeMJBPvRIAr7CJUpwxf46DvQluvvSm-MhFZSgzGuN32LtICuICU910T_VXCOJD1X8sKKu98iagQgAAatZakuoO3Qnoq4j4blQnxcM-Ymrt1rLPC3mEWy7m434T7z6oN0q8lIgnejf56ZL_oBkdDLIC-goMahqnQ0kT7HtS0dovKLU1Xk5i4w6KJRN_fBSd6Q5wAAtuCmJFqD4FeeEBc55IWt8gNhV9r-6QavcMceLrcOjYNqwJj-aFk9QRv_0;/?ep=A4boAGMAABpRIBPjCiBaw4KSUPWJig43jQIVWb11LFAEOHLobwpo4HKrW05Pc0opFlaINmbTPEkQVZE6nIniyYTCuWeugqg8lDHY_RW0kGXzBe-jaCjdcvmqC4__B2ij7zRvreVVs1A3YrF-VSM54KZrQ9PAH9zL9yk_ByGsGBIgSH0wDWyGRCzO2kXpRPG-EyTkGX9cmE9JQTPY56u64B9-4s_oqKP0X2Q0YQ&v=2