Notes

Tapered rod association for biomechanical analysis of dynamic spinal motion.
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Intervertebral dynamic motion in the spine is currently assessed with three-dimensional ultrasound or radiographic techniques. This study uses a biomechanical analog of the spine to test the accuracy of these techniques in measuring segmental bending in a simulated spine. Spine motion is described as the temporal profile of angular displacement between adjacent motion segments. This hypothesis is supported by in vivo observations of physiological motion between adjacent vertebral bodies, and supported by previous in vitro studies of dynamic motion in the spine. This hypothesis is further supported by observations of intervertebral motion in the spine during flexion and rotation, where asymmetric motion is observable. Knowledge of intervertebral motion during motion should lead to a better understanding of the interrelationship of motion of adjacent motion segments in the spine. Taping and the analytical techniques used in this study are used to assess intervertebral dynamic motion in the spine. Three spine models were constructed from bovine vertebrae to mimic a 14-segment adult human spine. A disk was used to connect each adjacent pair of vertebral segments to simulate the intervertebral motion of the spine. Flexion and rotation of the models were simulated. These motion simulations produced a special kind of intervertebral motion that could not be reproduced in vivo and would be difficult to model in vitro. The results from these tests support the previously published hypothesis. Unlike earlier studies, three-dimensional motion is used in this study. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional intervertebral motions are determined by laser interferometry to quantify the bending of the motion segments. A computerized, tapered rod association technique is used to reconstruct intervertebral motion from the bending motions of adjacent tapered rods connected by a shared distal end. Contradictions in the results of previous static and dynamic biomechanical studies of the spine are discussed.The present invention relates to a sputtering target and a method for producing a magnetic iron oxide-type thin film formed on a substrate by using the sputtering target.
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