Notes

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Technical details
Each block in the blockchain has a unique identifier, called a hash. Hashing is a one-way function that is derived from an input message. This block is a hash value calculated as the hash of the previous block's hash – "preimage resistant" or "one-way" since it is infeasible to determine the previous block given the block's hash.

Each block also stores the previous hash as a reference to the previous block, allowing a block to refer to its predecessor and allowing generalizations to be made about the entire blockchain.

Data structures
Each block contains a reference (hash pointer) to a previous block, which enables the entire blockchain to be kept in a linear chain. When a new block is generated, it is hashed and added to the end of the blockchain. To do this, it is first hashed with the Merkle hash tree root, created by hashing each of the transactions included in the block. This output is the block's hash. The hash is then hashed again to create a new block hash.

The data in the block is the hash of the block header and the hash pointer, the first 32 bytes of which are replaced in subsequent blocks with new transactions.

Due to its ephemeral nature, the transactions in a block cannot be used to grant the block's owner any rights or privileges other than the right to spend outputs included in that block. This is because any subsequent change to the transaction outputs would render the block's owner unable to spend its outputs.

Ledger's internal interface
At the highest level, the bitcoin ledger is a single linear list of blocks. Each block contains a reference to the previous block (via a hash pointer), a link to a set of transactions that earned the fees paid to mining nodes, and a cryptographic hash value of the block header. The details of this structure are presented next.

Transactions, addresses, and outputs
A transaction is a group of inputs and outputs. It contains a reference to one or more prior outputs, plus a transaction fee. The script running on the other end of the transaction is what instructs the miner which inputs to spend as outputs, when to spend them, what outputs to leave as change, how much transaction fee is to be paid, and any other scripts required by the receiving address or script engine.

Address

A bitcoin address is a hash of the public key of an output of a transaction included
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