Notes

Genetically modified crops offer benefits to the weeds

The wild plants may have the advantage of resistance to herbicides.

Credit goes to Xiao Yang
A common method of genetic modification used to make crops more resistant to herbicides has been shown to be superior over the weedy varieties of rice. https://search.rakuten.co.jp/search/mall/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97+%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89/ suggests that the effects of such modification have the potential to extend beyond the confines of farms into the wild.

A variety of crops has been modified genetically so that they are immune to Roundup herbicide glyphosate. https://auctions.yahoo.co.jp/search/search?rkf=2&p=%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97&aucmaxprice=999999999&thumb=1&s1=score2&o1=a&isdd=1&ei=utf-8&fixed=3&nockie=1&isnext=1&ex_cat=2084006160,2084008038,2084034075&rewrite_ok_wand_re_search=1 can eliminate the majority of weeds from their fields with this glyphosate resistance , without damaging their crops.

https://www.ikeda-green.com/item/gaichu-33/ hinders growth of plants by blocking an enzyme known as EPSP synthase. It is involved in the production of certain amino acids and other molecules that account for about 35% of a plant's mass. The genetic-modification technique -- used, for instance in the Roundup Ready crops made by the biotechnology giant Monsanto located in St Louis, Missouri -- typically involves inserting genes into the crop's genome to increase EPSP-synthase's production. ラウンドアップ come from bacteria that has affected the plants.

The plant can withstand the effects caused by glyphosate due to its additional EPSP-synthase. Biotechnology labs have also attempted to utilize the genes of plants to increase EPSP-synthase, partly to make use of an American loophole which permits the approval of regulatory authorities of transgenes that are not derived from by bacterial pests.

Few studies have looked into whether transgeneslike those that confer resistance to glyphosate, could increase the resilience of plants in survival and reproduction once they cross-pollinate with weedy or wild species. Norman Ellstrand is a University of California Riverside plant geneticist. "The expectation is that any kind of transgene will cause disadvantage in the wild, in the absence of pressure to select, because it would reduce the fitness of the plant," Ellstrand said.

But now a study led by Lu Baorong, an ecologist from Fudan University in Shanghai, is challenging that notion: it shows that the weedy variant of the standard rice plant, Oryza sativa is given an impressive fitness boost due to the resistance to glyphosate even when glyphosate has not been used.

Lu and his associates modified cultivated rice varieties to make more EPSP synthase. They also crossed the modified rice with a weedy related. https://www.zennoh.or.jp/eigi/research/pdf/gr334_06.pdf were published in NewPhytologist 1..

The group then let offspring cross-bred to breed with one another, creating second generation hybrids which are genetically similar to their parents, except for the number of copies of the gene that encodes EPSP synthase. The hybrids that had more copies of the gene were more likely to make more tryptophan and had more enzyme levels than the unmodified hybrids.

https://mujin-heri.jp/yakuzai/js-55.html discovered that transgenic hybrids are more photogenic, produced more plants per plant and had 48-125 percent higher yields of seeds than the non-transgenic varieties.

Lu believes that making rice that is weedy less competitive could make it more difficult for farmers who have their land invaded by pests.

"If the EPSP-synthase gene is introduced in the wild rice species, their genetic diversity, which is vital to preserve is at risk because the transgene's genotype will outcompete the normal species," Brian Ford-Lloyd an expert in plant genetics at the University of Birmingham, UK. "This is one clear example of the highly plausible negative impacts of GM plants] on our surroundings."

The public believes that plants with genetically modified genes containing more replicas of their own genes than those from microorganisms are safer. This notion is also challenged by this study. Lu says that the study "shows that this is not always true".

Researchers say this discovery requires reconsideration of the regulation for the use of genetically modified plants. Ellstrand states "Some people believe that regulation of biosafety should be relaxed." Ellstrand addsthat This study isn't proof that the new products are secure.


Read More: https://www.zennoh.or.jp/eigi/research/pdf/gr334_06.pdf