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Sultan Mahmud II atau lengkapnya Mahmud bin Salim. Lahir pada 20 Juli 1785 dan meninggal pada 1 Juli 1839. Ia merupakan sultan ke 33 dari sultan Kerajaan Ottoman di Turki. Ia diangkat menjadi sultan pada 28 Juli 1807 menggantikan kakaknya. Sultan Mahmud II memiliki pendidikan tradisional seperti pengetahuan agama, pemerintahan, sejarah, sastra Arab, Turki dan Persia. Sultan Mahmud II banyak melakukan gerakan pembaruan dalam dunia Islam, yaitu sebagai berikut.
a. Menerapkan sistem demokrasi dalam pemerintahannya.
b. Menghapus pengultusan sultan yang dianggap suci oleh rakyatnya.
c. Memasukkan kurikulum umum ke dalam lembaga-lembaga pendidikan madrasah.
d. Mendirikan sekolah Maktebi Ma’arif yang mempersiapkan tenaga-tenaga administrasi, dan Maktebi Ulum’i edebiyet yang mempersiapkan tenaga-tenaga ahli penerjemah.
e. Mendirikan sekolah kedokteran, militer dan teknik.
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