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Pea at the base of the brain in the pituitary fossa. Connected to hypothalamus via infundibulum. Produce/release hormones in response to signals from the hypothalamus. Anterior part produces and release hormones while posterior part just releases.
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract connects hypothalamus and posterior pituitary. Hypophyseal portal system connects hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
There are 5 types of endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary: corticotropin-releasing hromone, thyroid-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, prolactin releasing factor, prolactin-inhibiting hormone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Also follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.
Release of growth hormone triggers brea down of fat, increased uptake of amino acids from blood, cell proliferation, break down of glycogen in the livering.
Dysfunction of growth hormone causes gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults.
Stress response system: mobilizes neural and hormonal networks to optimize cognitive, cardiovascular, immunological, and metabolic function. HPA axis relies on a series of hormonal signals to keep sympathetic nervous system stimulated. When threat passes, cortisol levels fall and parasympathetic system dampens response
- short term response: increased heart rate, increased BP, dilation of bronchioles, liver releases glucose, dilation of bronchioles
- Long term response: sodium and water retention, increased BP and blood volume, suppression of immune system, proteins and fats broken down for energy
HPA-Axis
- Corticotropin releasing hormone is secreted by paraventricular nucleus in response to stress
- CRH triggers corticotropes in anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone into blood stream
- ACTH travels to adrenal cortex where it stimulates release of cortisol causing energy stores to be mobilized, increased arousal, greater attention, and suppression of immune function
Cushing's syndrome: too much cortisol for a prolonged period of time caused by tumor on pituitary or steroids. Results in hypertension, obsesity, muscle wasting
Addison;s disease: not enough cortisol produced due to adrenal glands or PG not directing glands to make cortisol. Treated with glucocorticoids.
Chronic stress is bad
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