Notes

Health Effects of EMF Radiation
The radiation from RF-EMF can cause damaged DNA, heat to the tissues and disrupt the blood-brain barrier. These effects are real and ARPANSA is actively engaged with the EHS community, medical experts, and researchers. ARPANSA will continue to study research related to the health effects of EMF radiation.

RF-EMF damages DNA
The exposure to electromagnetic fields created by humans (EMFs) are associated with DNA damage and other adverse health effects. EMFs can disrupt the intracellular ionic concentrations that are vital to maintain the balance of electrochemical activity in cells. This can cause disruption to cell homeostasis and result to DNA damage. Furthermore, exposure to EMFs is also linked to an overproduction of free radicals as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS).

The exposure to radiation from RF-EMF has been associated with changes in male germ cell development. This involves the development of germ cells into spermatozoa, aswell maturation of the functional aspect as spermatozoa travel through the epididymis. To study the effects of RF-EMF on male germ cell development A specially designed waveguide device was developed to expose unrestrained mice to RF-EME at 2.2 W/kg.

In a recent study, researchers discovered that exposure to RF-EME triggered an oxidative DNA damage to spermatozoa. Sperm DNA fragmentation increased by 18% following a week of treatment, and by 23% after 5 weeks. Furthermore, DNA damage in mitochondria was observed by measuring the level of a biomarker, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG).

Despite this, RF-EMF radiation is not yet considered to be a carcinogen. However, several studies have found that exposure to RF-EMF radiation can damage the integrity of DNA in variety of cell types. In Proteck'd Apparel exposed Vero cells with an EMF of 100 Hz for about 45 minutes. They evaluated DNA damage 48 hours after exposure to determine if the exposure affected the integrity of DNA.


The RF-EMF effect causes the heating of tissues
While the effects of RF-EMF are generally believed to be thermal, some studies have shown that non-thermal influences are also present. These factors could be responsible for some of the unsolved issues in the epidemiological study of EMF hypersensitivity. Therefore, it is important to look at the non-thermal aspects when conducting an exhaustive review.

Effects that are not thermal from RF-EMF could be mediated by the cell membrane. This is a field which has already been extensively examined. In particular the electrochemical behavior of cell membranes has been studied. The current understanding is that RF-EMF energy higher than 1 MHz is transmitted to the tissue via dielectric dissipation and ionic discharge. Studies of the theory have suggested that the energy that is transferred to tissues could be up to 200 kV/m.

The electric properties of tissues are controlled by the composition and distribution of water molecules, ions and other molecules in the body. This determines how absorbent EMR RF is by various tissues. Tissues with higher conductivity tend to absorb more field and cause more of an effect. This is why the level of tissue heating does not increase steadily as it moves from the exterior to the body and is only noticeable in hot spots. Bone and fatty tissues are less susceptible to RF heating than other tissues, because they have a low water content.

The extent of the field's electromagnetic energy depends on the frequency and strength of the field. Muscle tissue absorbs more field energy than other tissues and converts it into heat more effectively. Usually, the depth of penetration for RF EMF is determined by millimeters (mm). The greater the frequency, the more shallow the penetration.

RF-EMF causes blood-brain barrier disruption
Researchers have found that RF-EMF could disrupt the blood-brain barrier changing sleep patterns as well as neurotransmitter levels. In addition to this, the effects of EMF in brain activities have been linked to neurodegenerative disorders. For instance, EMF from mobile phones can alter electroencephalogram activity as well as sleep patterns, and the activity of nitric oxide and xanthin oxidase.

Researchers at the Vienna University have studied the effects of exposure to RF-EMF to brain cells. They also examined the effects of ELF EMF on nervous system. Although the cellular mechanisms that are involved aren't fully known but there is a clear connection between exposure to ELF-EMF and myelin depletion. This relationship might account for the electro-hypersensitivity symptoms of electro-hypersensitivity. Fortunately, there are some known methods to regenerate myelin inside the brain.

Researchers have found that exposure to frequencies of 900 MHz EMF enhanced the permeability of BBB and raised symptoms of neuronal damage in rats. They also observed an increase in the release of albumin to neurons. Furthermore, they discovered that after 30 minutes of 900 MHz exposure, 99mTc-MIBI increased its diffusion to the cerebral cortex. But this effect didn't happen with Evans blue-based injections.

Despite these findings, RF-EMF has no clear method for disrupting the BBB. Evidence suggests that non-thermal EMF exposure may increase erythrocyte cell membrane permeability, which could alter the BBB and also increase calcium ion efflux. Moreover, the presence of a 99mTcMIBI radiotracer inside the brain has been linked to increased permeability of the BBB.

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