Notes

Occurrence of Metals
- In their free or combined states, most metals can be found in nature. When a metal is discovered in its mineral state, it is said to occur in the free state. Metals are found in their combined state as compounds with other elements, typically non-metallic. The majority of metals are found together as oxides, sulfides, carbonates, silicates, etc. Some non-metals, such as helium, neon, argon, etc., are found in their free state, while others, such as sulfur and phosphorus, are found both in their free and mixed states.

Uncombined metals - Uncombined elements, or those that are not joined to other elements to create compounds, can be found in about 32 different forms. (Bonding of two or more distinct atoms). Reactivity is determined by electrons, specifically the valence electrons, which are located farthest from the nucleus.

Carbonates - A carbonate is a chemical compound that has the carbonate ion, CO 2− 3. . This ion is made of carbon and oxygen.

Halides - Organic Halide compounds consist of one or more halogens and belong to a class of synthetic and natural chemicals. Some examples of halide compounds include calcium chloride, silver chloride, potassium iodide, etc.

Oxides - Oxides are binary compounds formed by the reaction of oxygen with other elements. Oxygen is highly reactive in nature. They react with metals and non-metals to form oxides.

Phosphates - The mineral phosphorus is present in the electrically charged particle known as phosphate. Together with the mineral calcium, phosphorus helps to create strong bones and teeth. The kidneys typically filter and eliminate too much phosphate from the blood.

Silicates - Silicates is based on the basic chemical unit SiO44-, tetrahedron shaped anionic group.

Sulfides - Sulfide is an inorganic anion of sulfur with the chemical formula S2− or a compound containing one or more S2− ions. It contributes no color to sulfide salts. As it is classified as a strong base, even dilute solutions of salts such as sodium sulfide (Na2S) are corrosive and can attack the skin.

Sulfates - Sulfates are chemicals used as cleansing agents. They're found in household cleaners, detergents, and even shampoo. Two main types of sulfates are used in shampoo: sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium laureth sulfate.