Notes

The advantages of genetically modified crops over the weeds

In nature, resistance to herbicides could confer advantages to plants.

Credit: Xiao Yang
A common method of genetic modification employed to make crops resistant to herbicides was found to have advantages over weedy forms of rice. The results indicate that such modification could be beneficial to wild rice varieties and the crops.

A wide range of crops have been genetically modified so that they are immune to Roundup herbicide glyphosate. ラウンドアップ This glyphosate resistance enables farmers to wipe out most weeds from the fields without causing damage to their crop.

Glyphosate slows the growth of plants through blocking an enzyme, known as EPSP synthase. It is involved in the production of specific amino acids and other molecules that account for about 35% of the plant's mass. The genetic-modification technique is used for instance, in Roundup Ready plants made by Monsanto, a biotechnology company based out of St Louis, Missouri. It involves inserting genes into the genome of the crop to increase EPSP synthase synthase synthase production. https://search.yahoo.co.jp/video/search?rkf=2&ei=UTF-8&fr=wsr_gvu&p=%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97 Genes are typically derived from bacteria that infect the crops.

The plant is able to resist the adverse effects of glyphosate due to the extra EPSP synthase. Biotechnology laboratories are looking to use genes from plants rather than bacteria to increase EPSP synthase. This is due to the fact that the US law allows for approval by the regulatory authorities to allow organisms that have transgenes to be accepted.

A few studies have explored whether transgenes, such as those that confer resistance the chemical glyphosate can make plants more resilient to surviving and reproduce once they cross-pollinate with wild or weedy species. "The traditional expectation is that any sort of transgene will confer disadvantage in the wild, in the absence of any selection pressure due to the fact that any additional machinery will lower the fitness," says Norman Ellstrand an expert in plant genetics at the University of California in Riverside.

ラウンドアップ Lu Baorong is an Ecologist in Fudan University Shanghai. His study shows that resistance to glyphosate is a major fitness benefit, even if it's not used.

Lu and colleagues modified cultivars of rice to improve the production of EPSP synthase. The modified rice was crossed with a wild relative.

The researchers then allowed cross-breeding offspring to be bred together to produce second-generation hybrids. They were genetically identical except for the copy count and number of the EPSP synthase gene. As was expected, those with more copies had greater levels of enzymes and produced an increased amount of amino acid tryptophan compared to their unmodified counterparts.

Researchers also discovered that transgenic hybrids are more photogenic, they produced more plants per plant and had 48-125 percent higher yields of seeds than the non-transgenic varieties.

Lu believes making weedy, invasive rice more competitive may hinder farmers to recoup the damage caused by this insect.

Brian Ford-Lloyd from Brian Ford-Lloyd from the University of Birmingham, UK, says "If the EPSP synthase gene is introduced to wild rice species their genetic diversity that was so important in conserving it, could be endangered because it will outcompete the normal varieties." "This is among the most clear instances of extremely plausible negative effects (of GM crops] upon the environment."

The belief of the public that genetically modified crops with additional copies their genes are more secure is challenged by this study. Lu says that "our study doesn't prove this to be the case."

https://www.kaunet.com/rakuraku/spook3/main?Keyword=%83%89%83E%83%93%83h%83A%83b%83v%83%7D%83b%83N%83X%83%8D%81%5B%83h&ShowList=1 Researchers have said that this discovery calls for a rethinking the future regulation on genetically modified crops. Ellstrand states "Some people believe that biosafety regulation should be relaxed." Ellstrand addsthat "But the research suggests that new products need careful analysis."

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