Notes

Genetically modified crops have greater benefits than the weeds

In the wild, plants can be treated with herbicides.

Credit: Xiao Yang
Genetic modification of crops to make them resistant to herbicides has been extensively used to produce advantages for the varieties of rice that are weedy. This suggests that the modifications could affect the environment beyond farm.

Many crop varieties have been genetically modified in order to ward off the effects of glyphosate. The herbicide was initially available under the trade name Roundup. https://www.dcm-ekurashi.com/goods/383679 Farmers are able to eliminate weeds in their fields using glyphosate and not harm their crops by having this resistance.

Glyphosate inhibits plant growth by blocking an enzyme known as EPSP synthase. ラウンドアップ It is responsible for the production of specific amino acids and other molecules that account for as much as 35% of a plant's mass. https://www.komeri.com/search/ラウンドアップ/?dispNo=&codeSearch=0&searchFirst=1 The method of genetic modification, which is used in Roundup Ready crops by Monsanto (based in St Louis in Missouri) involves inserting genetic material in a plant to boost EPSP synthase's output. Genes usually come from bacteria that cause disease to plants.

The plant is able to withstand the effects glyphosate thanks to the extra EPSP synthase. ラウンドアップ Biotechnology labs tried to use plants' genes to increase EPSP synthase production. This was partly to make use of a loophole that is in US law that permits the regulatory approval of organisms containing transgenes that have not been derived from pests caused by bacteria.

Few studies have tested whether transgenes , such as ones that confer resistance to glyphosate could -- after they become wild or weedy relatives by cross-pollination -- make those plants more competitive in survival and reproduction. Norman Ellstrand of University of California Riverside says, "The conventional expectation is that any type of transgene that is found in nature will be detrimental if there's no selection pressure , because the additional machinery may lower the health."

Lu Baorong is an Ecologist in Fudan University Shanghai. https://search.yahoo.co.jp/video/search?rkf=2&ei=UTF-8&fr=wsr_gvu&p=%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97 His research shows that resistance to glyphosate is a major fitness benefit even when it's not applied.

http://www.greenjapan.co.jp/roundup_max.htm Their research was published in 1. Lu and his coworkers genetically modified cultivated rice to enhance its EPSP synthase activity and crossed it with a weedy counterpart.

The researchers then allowed the cross-bred offspring to breed with one another, creating second-generation hybrids that were genetically identical with the exception of the number of copies of the gene that encodes EPSP synthase. The ones with more copies expressed greater amounts of the enzyme and produced more amino acid tryptophan than their unmodified counterparts.

The researchers also found that the hybrids with transgenic genes had greater rates of photosynthesis, produced more flowers and shoots and produced 48-125% more seeds per plant than non-transgenic hybrids -- in the absence of glyphosate.

Lu suggests that making rice that is weedy more competitive may make the problem worse for the farmers around the globe whose fields are being infested by the pest.

Brian Ford-Lloyd is Brian Ford-Lloyd is a UK plant geneticist. He states, "If the EPSP synthase gene becomes present in wild rice species their genetic diversity will be at risk, which is important because the genotype with transgene outcompetes the normal species." "This is a clear illustration of the very real negative effects [of GM plantson our environment."

The public has a perception that genetically engineered plants with extra copies or microorganisms genes are less risky than those that only contain their own genes. "Our study proves that this isn't necessarily the case," says Lu.

Researchers have concluded that these findings should prompt a reconsideration of how genetically modified plants will be controlled in the future. Ellstrand claims that "some people believe that biosafety regulation could be relaxed due to our an incredibly comfortable relationship with genetic engineering for the past two decades." https://www.homemaking.jp/products/detail.php?product_id=161819 The study found that any new products must be carefully evaluated.


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