Notes

Genetically modified crops have advantages over the weeds

Wild plants may be able to resist herbicides.

Credit Xiao Yang
One of the most common methods that makes crops resistant to herbicides was shown to offer advantages over weedy forms of rice. This suggests that such genetic modification may also have potential to impact wild animals.

ラウンドアップ 安全性 A variety of crops have been genetically engineered to be resistant to the glyphosate. The herbicide, first known as Roundup, was introduced on the market in the year 1996 under the trade name Roundup. Farmers are able to eliminate weeds from their fields with this glyphosate-resistant crop without causing damage to their crops.

https://shop.takii.co.jp/products/detail/MSH992 Glyphosate is an inhibitor of plant growth. It inhibits an enzyme called EPSP synthase. This enzyme is responsible for the production of certain amino acids as well as other molecule. These substances can make up as much as 35% of a plant's mass. ラウンドアップ The genetic-modification method, used in Roundup Ready crops by Monsanto (based in St Louis in Missouri) involves inserting genetic material into the crop to increase EPSP synthase's output. Genes are typically derived usually from bacteria that infects plants.

ラウンドアップ 樹木 The addition of EPSP synase makes it possible for plants to counter the harmful effects of glyphosate. Biotechnology labs are also looking to utilize genes from plants rather than bacteria to increase EPSP synthase. This is mainly due to the US law permits regulatory approval to allow organisms with transgenes to be accepted.

There aren't many studies that have examined the possibility that transgenes that confer glyphosate tolerance can -- once they become weedy or wild relatives through cross-pollinatingenhance the plant's survival and reproduction. "The traditional expectation is that any sort of transgene could cause disadvantage in the wild, in the absence of pressure to select, due to the fact that any additional machinery will decrease the fitness of the plant," says Norman Ellstrand, a plant geneticist at the University of California in Riverside.

Lu Baorong of Fudan University in Shanghai is in the process of challenging this notion. The study shows that glyphosate resistance even when applied to an weedy type of rice crop can provide a significant health benefit.

ラウンドアップ Lu and his coworkers modified cultivated rice varieties to produce more EPSP synthase. They also crossed the modified rice with a weedy-related. Their research was published in NewPhytologist 1.

The researchers then allowed the cross-bred offspring to breed with one another, creating second-generation hybrids that were genetically identical except in the number of copies of the gene that encodes EPSP synthase. Likely, the ones who had more copies expressed higher levels of the enzyme and produced more of the amino acid tryptophan than their non-modified counterparts.

Researchers also found that transgenic hybrids were photogenic, they produced more plants per plant and yielded 48-125 percent more seeds than non-transgenic varieties.

Making the weedy rice more competitive could exacerbate the problems it causes for farmers across the globe where plots are ravaged by pests, Lu says.

Brian Ford-Lloyd, an UK plant geneticist and says, "If the EPSP synthase gene is introduced into wild rice species their genetic diversity could be endangered, which is important because the genotype with transgene is superior to the natural species." "This is one of the most clear examples of extremely plausible damaging consequences (of GM crops on the environment."

The public belief that genetically-modified crops containing additional copies of their genes are more secure is challenged by this study. Lu says that the study "shows that this is not always the case".

Researchers have said that this finding calls for review of the regulations for the future on genetically modified crops. "Some individuals are saying that biosafety regulations can be eased because we've reached an incredibly high level of confidence with two decades of genetic engineering," says Ellstrand. "But this study has shown that novel products still require careful evaluation."


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