Notes

Archaeology's Contributions to the particular Lewis and Cs Trail
ARCHAEOLOGY'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LEWIS AND EVEN CLARK TRAIL

Archaeology has faced unique challenges in figuring out campsites around the trek, but has profited from recent advances inside technology. Unlike a new Civil War battleground or a visit to a new historic antebellum house, the expedition's path yields hardly any actual evidence. Lewis plus Clark campsites include been difficult to be able to validate, because the particular explorers left couple of traces. 7 years ago, the authors of Lewis and Clark, Legacies, Memories, and Fresh Perspectives, had a dismal view of archaeology's role in the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial. My partner and i

This article will color a brighter photo by reviewing the literature thus far to be able to explore some involving the relatively recent advancements in archaeology associated with the trail. It focuses on web sites in Montana, Idaho, Oregon and the particular Columbia River Container and in California at Station Camp. It will furthermore highlight new technological techniques accustomed to locate campsites and discover how these findings have helped help save some of these sites from break down.

The National Park Service has constantly supported archaeological analysis and advocated for preservation of the trail. The website directories efforts with the Lewis and Clark Trek Commission, the Lewis and Clark Path Heritage Foundation Incorporation. and other community and private businesses which have tried in order to locate and maintain the trail. Modern Americans can see simply a few areas on the trail because Lewis and Clark saw them. The NPS website has photos that show more pristine opinions of many of the sites.

NPS lists sites in Montanan and other states such as Site thirty-two, Fort Mandan, and Site 34, Fortification Clatsop that are usually archaeologically relevant. 2
Sites in Montana that have acquired some archaeological exploration include:

Site 3, Lemhi Pass; Site 4, Lolo Piste; Site14, Beaverhead Rock and roll State Park; Internet site 15, Bozeman Pass; Site 16, Zoysia grass Jump at Gazelle Creek; Site 17, Camp Disappointment; Web-site 18, Junction of the Marias and Missouri Rivers; Site nineteen, Gates of The particular Mountains; Site thirty, Great Falls Portage; Site 21, Lewis and Clark Pass; Site 22, Lewis's fight with the Blackfeet Site; Site twenty three, Upper Missouri Riv Breaks National Batiment; Site 24, Pompey's Pillar; Site twenty-five, Rattlesnake Cliffs; Internet site 26, Ross Hole; Site 27, A few Forks of the Missouri; and web-site 28, Traveler's Rest. iii

Buffalo Jump, Traveler's Rest, and even the lower Excellent Falls Portage Internet site were particularly satisfying for archaeologists.

Zoysia grass Jump at Gazelle Creek

In the particular beautiful White Cliffs area of the Missouri Breaks, the members from the Lewis in addition to Clark Expedition have been possibly the first Circumstance. S. citizens in order to see and report a buffalo hop site where typically the dead animals were still in place. On May up to 29, 1805, on the particular westbound journey, the Lewis and Cs Expedition came on such a jump. It was upon the north side of the Missouri along the foundation of a 120-foot-high ledge installed almost in order to the water's advantage. The men discovered and smelled typically the carcasses of a lot more than 100 lifeless and rotting buffalo, which wolves have been devouring.

The website was identified in 1963 seeing that 24CH240 by the team from the Missouri Basin Inter-Agency Ancient Salvage Program, which surveyed sites in this part of the river. The salvage team discovered only two bits of bone pieces, others of which the private proprietor had also observed. iv

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Traveler's Relax

From Traveler's Rest, inside the 1990's, elevated infrared photography confirmed evidence of tepee rings. Historical study matched coordinates involving latitude and long, recorded by Lewis and Clark to be able to the same Robert Creek location. Kemudian Hall and others employed magnetometer equipment to find changes inside the magnetic attributes of the soil. They also identified fire-cracked rock, charcoal, plus a solid puddle of lead. These types of findings indicate that this spot experienced intense heat assumed to be the result of a huge, military-style cook fire. They knew how the expedition melted lower their empty lead powder canisters to make musket balls, therefore the puddle of lead.

Sites in other states discussed in the following paragraphs include Site thirty-two, Fort Mandan, plus Site 34, Fortification Clatsop. Archaeologists after found signs a trench had already been dug about 310 feet from the fire area, consistent with Army polices at that period governing the place of latrines. Tests together with a mercury vaporizer confirmed the occurrence of mercury inside the trench but not in the around soil. Lewis experienced noted in the journal that at least two of the boys were sick when this occurs in the quest and received drugs, which contained adequate amounts of mercury that would go through the body and remain at the site. v These kinds of pills, called Doctor. Rush's Thunder Clappers were 60 % mercury, which would not decay.

These discoveries have been significant because area was between the rapidly developing home area, and typically the campsite was specified one of the nation's most endangered historic places it happened in 1999. That prestige helped attract some sort of grant from typically the Richard King Mellon Foundation, allowing obtain of 15 miles believed to be the heart from the campsite. vi

More affordable Portage Site from the Great Falls

Likewise in the 1990's, on the Lower Portage Site of the particular Great Falls of the Missouri Riv in Montana, Doctor Ken Karsmizki studied one of typically the areas, marked from the remains of twelve fires. The explorers' journals tell of 12 days expended with this camp. A few of the fires have been found equally spread inside a line, indicating an organized campsite. Archaeomagnetic dates from the charred is still are in line with a new Lewis and Clark simon occupation. Additionally they radiocarbon dated a damaged wooden stake exposed upright within the soil to 1810 � 40, and bison bones in the web site to 1810 � 50. Members associated with the C of D party ready a large variety of dried seafood, meat, and pemmican (dried bison meats mixed with fat), while camping with Great Falls. Karsmizki added a 6th site, one that he hoped would yield remains regarding a collapsible iron-frame boat how the party abandoned with the High Portage of the Fantastic Falls since they weren't getting materials--pine pitch and even needles for stitches hides together--necessary intended for making the ship watertight. vii

Posts about archaeology of campsites in All of us Proceeded On add the search for the particular elusive Iron Vessel, the Yellowstone Kayak Camp, the Fort Mandan Site inside of North Dakota, and even the seek out Get away Wood/ Camp Dubois, just outside of Street. Louis. Even though the lookup for the Iron Boat by Ashton kutcher Karsmizki is fascinating and received letters to the editor, it really is much too involved in this article. The help received at Great Falls from NASA is going to be discussed later.

Typically the Yellowstone Canoe Camping is worth returning to due to recent improvements. The content by Ashton kutcher Karsmizki, in WPO, vol. 21 zero. 4, "Searching intended for the Invisible, Many Efforts to Find Trip Camps, " is definitely a convincing discussion of the difficulties archaeologists have encountered while late as 95. It is also an superb review of the particular archaeology to of which point. The general shortage of specific information in the notebooks, the changing direct of rivers, historic fires and floods, poorly drawn routes, and erosion, latest intrusions around the land, and the unreliability of local informants were problems at the excavation sites, not to mention resources and funding.

Despite the difficulties encountered, the author remains optimistic that will archaeology will ultimately take the traditional facts out of the realm of history and folk traditions and ground these people in material fact. viii

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Yellowstone Canoe Camp

The camp on Yellowstone River Tropical isle is a spot being investigated as the possible site of Clark's This summer 1806 canoe get away. Archaeologist Tom Corrosion began research on the island within 2011 when historian and cartographer Ralph Saunders convinced Corrosion that he acquired located the paddling site. His examine of the first maps, historical studies and aerial digital photography made him confident that his measurements had found typically the site although 8 other sites acquired been considered with regard to the camp together a 12-mile expand of the water between Columbus in addition to Park City.

Corrosion investigated the tropical isle with a magnetometer and soil level of resistance meter to assess soil disturbances and compaction. The wish was that the surveying could reveal outdated campfire sites, the latrine, butchering arean and even pathways packed down as typically the men moved around the campsite. Their very own efforts were rewarded when they acquired several metal metal detector hits and located a new perfectly round business lead ball believed in order to be buckshot. Isotope analysis matched a great artifact from Traveler's Rest. Additionally they found mercury deposits inside latrine pits, which often matched what acquired been found with Traveler's Rest. The belt buckle and a bone learned in the similar area at the same depth and several lead next to what looked like a fire gap, which tested by having an an acceptable time range, were even more evidence that this kind of was the Kayak Camp.

This site is environmentally fascinating because Yellowstone Water had moved significantly. Luckily, when the particular river moved, including forming a brand new station and then jumping back again, the particular island seems to have been spared from destroying floodwaters which could have got washed away any kind of evidence of the particular expedition. ix

Cougar Rapids Bar

On the way back home in May of 1806, the Lewis and even Clark expedition stayed on a camp site near Kamiah holding out for the environments to melt in the Bitterroot Hills. Meriwether Lewis dispatched Sergeant John Ordway and two other men to the Snake River about this path to business for salmon using the Nez Perce - food required for their mountain bridging. Ordway wrote in regards to the side trip in his journals. "We handed a large villa and descended the worst hills many of us ever saw the road made straight down, " the magazines read. Along with their arrival inside the small town, "At length they invited us found in, spread robes with regard to us to sit on, and set roasting salmon before people and some of their very own white bread which often they called 'uppah'. This lodge is actually a hundred feet very long and twenty toes wide and all in one. "

Point out Archaeologist Dr. Ken Reid with the Idaho State Historic Society headed typically the project to investigate a new site at Cougar Rapids Bar. They will found the depression of the lodge and the slope in which they were probably holding out even though the fish were prepared. Using high-tech instruments to seem below the surface, Dr. Reid's crew mapped the side of the multi-family home and typically the hearths, or fireplaces, running throughout the center. Dr. Reid in addition to his team dug small test pits inside the hearth and the raised pile on one aspect of the house, and found artifacts - with and also carbon dates back to be able to the early 1800s. They also discovered half of a blue glass bead, two brass tacks, along with a tiny arrowhead. This evidence mixed with Ordway's log descriptions from the town, plus other research about the possible channels to the Fish River, make Dr. Reid very self-confident this is where Ordway plus his men slept two nights buying and selling for salmon. x

The sites regarding Rock Fort and Station Camp, plus Fort Clatsop around the far west area of the trail likewise have had new have got developments. Karsmizki's verified methodology is a lengthy painstaking method of map in addition to journal analysis, geophysical survey and presentation, test excavation and if warranted intensive excavation, and lab analysis. This evaluation includes dendrochronology, radiocarbon dating, archaeomagnetic dating, lead isotope evaluation, and faunal evaluation at numerous labs in the Unified States and North america. NASA and the particular Us Air Power have helped throughout this search.

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Rock Ft

In an job interview having an Oregon press reporter, John Compton inside of July of the new year, Ken Karsmizki spoken about his analysis at Rock Fort and NASA's help with the task. He noted how the Corps of Discovery's calculations of lat. were not correct, and maps regarding the same location were different. He said, "They (C of D) wrote about a thousand words in their journals, but seven journalists would discover things in various ways especially distances. Individuals changed their thoughts mid-stream as to ecological features. The same thing happened everywhere they went. " Karsmizki experienced to see the particular progression of the maps and show at the details. NASA offered to aid with four geostationary satellites to use devices to make maps with the Dalles right now, that they could superimpose over Lewis, and Clark's map. Just what matched up was Mill Creek and the traditional bank in the Columbia Water. Then they used ground-penetrating radar and place thirty-six holes in a grid in the neighborhood they thought was the site. When nothing at all was located, these people moved their initiatives into three depressions, because Clark had written that they were within an artificial fort manufactured by rock wall surfaces plus they feared strike. The region was graveled and had seven feet involving fill on top of the historic surface. Sill that they were able to find a dog brain and strips involving leather.

Unfortunately, typically the Columbia River has only one web page, Rock Fort, that is not now underwater due to dams. It is usually found in The Dalles, near Union Road underpass and is in public palms. It was the good location mainly because it did not necessarily have any setting up upon it, and the fill covering may possibly have preserved that for excavation. xi

NASA combined finely-detailed satellite imagery along with detailed historic road directions to help Karsmizki locate campsites. Inside some cases, typically the technology can decrease any dig site from several block miles to a matter of massive areas. NASA's Earth Research Applications Directorate provided the images to Karsmizki and the team. Marco Giardino, ESAD's acting mouthpiece director at Stennis, said NASA researchers could create some sort of 360-degree view involving the area exactly where the explorers moved and archaeologists could get the same view since they would through an airplane. Colour is extremely crucial in locating traditional sites. For illustration, a slight variation in the shade of wheat within a large field may indicate the location of a good outpost. xii

Station Camp Fort Vancouver

The Lewis in addition to Clark Corps of Discovery spent only 10 days here in 1805. Historians referred to as the spot "Station Camp" because that was Lieutenant Bill Clark's primary survey station to make a detailed and accurate map from the mouth of typically the Columbia River in addition to surrounding area. Doctor. Wilson, as the particular principal investigator designed a variety involving scientific techniques in to the research design in order to be able to establish the website's chronology and get hold of additional data coming from the artifacts, which include Carbon-14 dating, ground penetrating radar, magnetometer analysis, and isotope analyses. Dr. Pat is an archaeologist to the Pacific Western side Regional Office involving the National Park Service, based at Fort Vancouver National Historic Site. He or she was also the main liaison with typically the Tribes of native americans who experience ancestral states the site of Centre Village. He received the John Cotter award for their work. John Cotter was one involving the founding dads of historical archaeology in the Usa States. xiii

The work was ecologically significant to the piste because his study was the foundation for park interpretive developments at Stop Camp / Middle Villages and the project, which involved the Chinook Country, the State of Washington, and the National Area Service. He in addition involved students in addition to the public, therefore increasing awareness of the importance associated with this website to background.

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Ft Clatsop

Fort Clatsop, near to the Columbia Lake about five miles south of present-day Astoria, was typically the 1805 winter encampment of the 33-member Corps of Breakthrough and the primary physical evidence involving the U. H. on the Pacific coast according in order to Stephen Beckham, a new historian at Lewis and Clark School. The fort travelled on to be crucial to the You. S. claims within the region.

Occupied for only a little even more than 90 days, typically the original fort has been probably burned inside the 1850s to help to make method for a pioneer's garden. In 1955, the local community built a replica of Ft Clatsop (named after a local tribe) to celebrate the expedition's 150th wedding anniversary. In 2005 Fortification Clatsop, burned to the ground again only a month before Lewis and Clark bicentennial celebrations were timetabled to begin at the site.

A new federal arson investigation found that the reconstructed Fort Clatsop was your victim of an accidental flame started by a run ember from a working hearth. The fascination may be forgiven for momentarily considering archaeologists as suspects. Though some excavation was performed in the site of typically the encampment in the 1950s, the destruction of the look-alike has now given National Park Service archaeologist Doug Wilson a chance to correctly excavate the site using modern methods, including remote sensing. His crew features already pinpointed concerning 20 percent from the site not disturbed by the cement first step toward the reconstructed fort, including various deep pits stuffed with charcoal, the particular possible remains involving holes dug for the fort's stockade. "We turned this kind of tragedy into a real opportunity, inches says Wilson. xiv

NASA was in addition involved with this website. Satellite data included 30-meter Landsat Thematic Mapper and 1-meter Space Imaging IKONOS data xv

NASA (NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION) Changing the Encounter from the West in addition to Archaeological Research

Typically the goal of the NASA scientists along with other researchers working on an unique project regarding the bicentennial seemed to be to piece together satellite and plane remote sensing symbolism so as to create precision 3-D maps in addition to visualizations of the particular Lewis and Clark simon trail and stop-off, layover campsites and also to produce a collection of satellite imagery offered on the World wide web. Along with archaeological investigations, landscape management goals include evaluating typically the effects of wildland fire disturbance regimes on ecosystems, watching wetlands change, computing urban expansion, tracking noxious and unpleasant weeds, and umschlüsselung vegetative mosaics with regard to key Lewis plus Clark encampments like Fort Clatsop (winter 1805-1806).

The trek project was created through a NASA Place Act Agreement, interesting the skills of GCS Research, a geospatial information technology company inside Missoula, Montanan and even the Montana Express University (MSU) TechLink Center. "The long-term value of the Lewis & Clark simon Corps of Breakthrough discovery expedition is throughout the journals and even maps that they developed. They represent a snapshot in the all-natural history of The united states, two hundred years ago. The NASA (NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION) remote sensing info sets represent one other snapshot in time, inches said Weston, Technologies Manager in the MSU TechLink Center. xvi

In 2003, NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA), GCS Research plus its technology lovers were building stage one of typically the Lewis and Cs Geosystem, which includes an universal remote sensing geodatabase of combined assets from a variety regarding existing geospatial resources for the Lewis and Clark Piste. more info 's QuickBird imagery was as part of the raster catalogue from the Lewis and Clark. xvii

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Another product developed in the course of the Lewis plus Clark project was your virtual and correct rendering of various historic Corps regarding Discovery sites, especially Fort Clatsop. These types of virtual products enhanced scientific research plus served to instruct and inform the public concerning the task and its results. By the conclusion in the project, 25 different NASA space borne remote realizing datasets were prepared. Hyperspectral data offers new opportunities for future archaeological breakthroughs. Hyperspectral imaging splits the spectrum directly into much more bands as compared to the eye could detect. The aim of hyperspectral imaging is always to get the spectrum for every single pixel in the particular picture of a picture, with all the purpose associated with finding objects, determining materials, or finding processes.

Remote realizing technology and graphic analysis are currently having a profound switch in emphasis by broad classification to detection, identification plus condition of specific materials, both inorganic and organic.

These new technology offer archaeologists even more opportunities for researching and analysis. One possible area in which hyperspectral data can be extremely valuable is phytoarchaeology, which is defined as the analysis of relationship in between vegetation and archaeology. Three specific places of phytoarchaeology may greatly benefit from hyperspectral imagery:

1) The identification associated with specific plant kinds which are associated with archaeological sites;

2) Comparative plant physiology or the perseverance of plant pressure or vigor; and

3) Creation of any vegetation variability catalog. xviii

Travelers following the Corps of Discovery are searching for the experience. Fresonke and Spence within Lewis and Clark simon, Legacies, Memories, in addition to New Perspectives exhibit this perfectly. "They are not being released on the at an individual traveler destination; instead they will are encountering a completely new landscape certainly not visible from jets or four-lane highways... Following the captains' route is some sort of personal voyage regarding discovery, a tourist odyssey linking landscape and history since described by the Lewis and Clark periodicals. "xix

Now many many years later the walk is again getting appreciated for the elegance and wonder that Lewis and Clark saw inside it. As Ken Karsmizki expected in his 1995 article for Many of us Proceeded On, archaeological research has performed an important role in preserving the trail by identifying campsites and providing medical proof for their very own material existence. Archaeology have not just advanced the occupation of historical archaeology with the support of recent technological innovation and NASA, but they have helped the Countrywide Park Service and many other public and personal organizations to reclaim the trail regarding future generations involving trail explorers.

My partner and i Kris Fresonke and even Mark Spence, Lewis and Clark, Legacies, Memories, and Fresh Perspectives, (Berkeley, Mis Angeles, London: University or college of California Push, 2004) 247.

ii Lewis and Cs, Survey of Traditional Sites and Properties, National Park Assistance http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/lewisandclark/site.htm

iii Montana Archaeology: A General public Book Project in the Archaeology involving Montana, Lewis and Clark and Archaeology, Feb. 7, this year. (Source: Dr. Dee Taylor's Lectures; Volume. 3, no. 2 Archaeology in Montana "Short History involving Montana Archaeology, ")

iv Ibid.

sixth v Kathleen A. Dahl, "The Archaeology regarding Traveler's Rest, very well Trail Watch, The academic weblog discovering the interpretation associated with the Lewis and even Clark expedition and even bicentennial in museums, historic sites, interpretive centers, and well-liked media.

vi Sherry Devlin, "Researchers Figure out Exact Location involving Traveler's Rest : Lewis and Cs Campsite was improperly mapped years before, " Missoulian, Jan26, 2004.

vii Jessica E. Saraceni, "Searching for Lewis in addition to Clark, " Archaeology 51 no. a single, (Jan. /Feb. 1998)

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viii Kenneth W. Karsmizki, "Searching for the Invisible: Some Attempts to Find Adventure Camps, " All of us Proceeded On 21 years old, no. 4 (Nov. 1995): 4-12.

ix Brett French, "Evidence Builds that Yellowstone Island was Clark's 1806 Canoe Camp out, " Billings Journal, April 27, 2014. ind First Actual physical Link in Florida to Lewis & Clark in Hell's Canyon, " Courtesy of KTVB. com, May well 6, 2008.

xi Kenneth W. Karsmizki, "Lewis and Cs Rock Fort, " Localite (part several of 3) Come july 1st, 2010.

xii "Nasa Satellite will look for Lewis and Clark Stops, " USA Today Health in addition to Science, 9/20/2001

xiii"Dr. Wilson receives 2012 Cotter Award, inches Fort Vancouver Countrywide Historic Site, 04 4, 2011, http://www.nps.gov/fova/learn/news/cotteraward2011.htm

xiv "Insider: Privileged Fire, " Archaeology 59 no. 1, (Jan. /Feb. 2006)

xv Kenneth N. Karsmizki, Joe Jazz, Marco Giardino, "Archaeological Remote Sensing: Looking for Fort Clatsop from Space" Come july 1st 30, 2002, National aeronautics and space administration (nasa) Technical Reports Machine.

xvi Leonard Donald, "Lewis & Cs Revisited: Satellite Archeology Digs Out The Previous, " GeoCommunity, By 2002,

xvii Alex Philip, "GCS Research and DigitalGlobe Lover on Lewis and Clark Geosystem Job, " Directions Publication, April 23, the year 2003.

xviii Marco J. Giardino, "A historical past of NASA remote sensing contributions to archaeology, " Record of Archaeological Science, 38 (2011) 2003-2009.

xix Fresonke plus, Spence, 240.

Achievable pictures that may be included from various points in the article.

Landsat 5 and grayscale historical aerial photograph with Lewis in addition to Clark trail collection. Blend of images show changes found in Missouri River close to Desoto National Animals Refuge North associated with Omaha. IMAGE CREDIT: GCS Research

A single of the earliest extant photographs involving Rainbow Falls, which was second found in height only to be able to the truly amazing Falls throughout the number of six in this area of the river. This look at captures the untamed aspect of typically the country, because it must have appeared inside 1805-6. (Montana Historic Society. )

This particular picture of Offers a Falls, taken inside 1944, contrasts deliberately using the one over. Just upstream by the falls is usually the Montana Power Company dam. In typically the summer and dry out months of the particular year, far significantly less water comes above the falls compared to is shown here and large portions of the rock ledge of the falls are bare and lacking of the beauty of white-colored, falling water. (Montana Power Company (1944). )

When small water is released by Ryan Dam, in the history, the Great Drops dwindles to some sort of trickle. (National Recreation area Service (Appleman, 1964). )

Lewis in addition to Clark, Survey associated with Historic Sites and Buildings, National Park Support

New breakthroughs in Archaeological technology have contributed in order to research for the Lewis and Clark Piste from St John to the Pacific cycles and Station Camp out in Vancouver Far off sensing in specific is discussed. Associated with interest to researchers and tourists who else follow the Lewis and Clark Trek and enjoy typically the beauty and question that Lewis plus Clark saw inside it. As Ken Karsmizki hoped in the 1995 article with regard to We Proceeded Upon, archaeological research offers played an essential role in preserving the trail by identifying campsites plus providing scientific substantiation for their stuff existence. Archaeologists make it possible for scientists and tourists to study and even comply with the trail by themselves.
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