Notes

Genetically modified plants are more efficient than weeds

In nature, herbicide resistance could confer advantages to plants.

Credit Xiao Yang
A genetic-modification technique used widely to create crops that are resistant to herbicides has been found to provide advantages to a weedy form of rice, even in absence of herbicide. The findings suggest that this modification may be able to have positive effects on wild rice varieties, as well as crops.

There are many kinds of plants have been genetically altered to resist the glyphosate. Roundup was the first herbicide to be sold. This allows farmers to eradicate weeds from their fields without harming their crops.

Glyphosate inhibits plant growth by blocking an enzyme referred to as EPSP synthase, which is responsible for the production of specific amino acids as well as other molecules that make up as much as 35% of a plant's mass. ラウンドアップ https://www.yodobashi.com/product/100000001002109951/ The technique of genetic modification, which is used by Monsanto's Roundup Ready crops, which are located in St Louis (Missouri), generally involves inserting genes into a crop's DNA to increase EPSP synthase's production. The genes are often derived from bacteria that has caused the infection of the plants.

ラウンドアップ The plant can withstand the effects of glyphosate because of the additional EPSP synthase. Biotechnology labs are also trying to utilize genes from plants instead of bacteria to increase EPSP synthase. ラウンドアップ This is due to the fact that the US law allows approval by the regulatory authorities to allow organisms with transgenes to be approved.

A few studies have explored whether transgenes, such as those that confer resistance to the chemical glyphosate can make plants more resilient in survival and reproduction once they cross-pollinate with wild or weedy species. Norman Ellstrand is a University of California Riverside plant geneticist. "The assumption is that any transgene could cause disadvantages in the wild, in the absence of selective pressure because it would reduce fitness," Ellstrand said.

A new study, led by Lu Baorong, an ecologist from Fudan University in Shanghai, disproves that belief It reveals that a weedy form of the common rice crop, Oryza sativa, gets an impressive fitness boost due to the resistance to glyphosate even when glyphosate is not applied.

In their study, published this month in New Phytologist 1, Lu and his colleagues modified the genetics of the rice plant to overexpress its own EPSP synthase. They also crossed-bred the modified rice with a weedy cousin.

The team then allowed breeding offspring that were cross-bred together to produce second-generation hybrids. They were genetically identical, with the exception of the number and copy count of the EPSP synthase gene. The team found that those who had greater than one copy of the gene that codes for EPSP synthase had more enzyme expression and also produced more tryptophan, in line with what was expected.

Researchers also discovered that transgenics had higher rates, had more flowers and 48 to 125 percent more seeds per plant than nontransgenics.

Lu believes that making rice that is weedy less competitive could make it harder for farmers whose plots are infested by pests.

"If the EPSP-synthase genes are introduced in the wild rice plant, their genetic diversity, which is really vital to preserve, could be threatened because the transgene's genetic make-up would outcompete the normal species," Brian Ford-Lloyd an expert in plant genetics at the University of Birmingham, UK. "This is a clear illustration of the very real negative impacts of GM plantson the surroundings."

ラウンドアップ ラウンドアップ This research also challenges the perception that genetically modified crops containing extra copies of their genes are more safe than those containing microorganism genes. "Our study proves that this isn't necessarily the case," says Lu.

Researchers have said that this discovery calls for a reconsideration of the regulation for the use of genetically modified plants. Ellstrand believes that some believe that biosafety regulations could be relaxed because we've had over two years of genetic engineering. "But the study still suggests that new products need careful evaluation."

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