Notes

1. AI summary

AI is one of the newest fields in science and engineering. Work started in earnest soon after World War II, and the name itself was coined in 1956. The first work that is now generally recognized as AI was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts (1943). Donald Hebb (1949) demonstrated a simple updating rule for modifying the connection strengths between neurons. His rule, now called HEBBIAN LEARNING, remains an influential model to this day. We propose that 2month, 10man study of artificial intelligence be carried out during the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. The success of GPS and subsequent programs as models of cognition led Newell and Simon (1976) to formulate the famous physical symbol system hypothesis. Tom Evans’s ANALOGY program (1968) solved geometric analogy problems that appear in IQ tests. Daniel Bobrow’s STUDENT program (1967) solved algebra story problem. In the mid-1980s at least four different groups reinvented the back-propagation learning algorithm first found in 1969 by Bryson and Ho. AI present, a driverless robotic car named STANLEY sped through the rough terrain of the Mojave Desert at 22 mph, finishing the 132-mile course first to win the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge. Autonomous planning and scheduling, a hundred million miles from Earth, NASA’s Remote Agent program became the first on-board autonomous planning program to control the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft. The passage mainly discusses about IBM’s DEEP BLUE became the first computer program to defeat the world champion in a chess match when bested Garry Kasparov by a score of 3.5 to 2.5 in an exhibition match (Goodman and Keene, 1997). Newsweek magazine described the match as “The brain’s last stand.” The value of IBM’s stock increased by $18 billion. This is AI playing a game. In addition, this is fighting spam. Learning algorithms classify over a billion messages as spam, saving the recipient from having to waste time deleting what, for many users, could comprise 80% or 90% of all messages, if not classified away by algorithms. Therefore, during the Persian Gulf crisis of 1991, U.S. forces deployed a Dynamic Analysis and Replanning Tool, automated logistics planning and scheduling for transportation. The AI planning techniques generated in hours a plan that would have taken weeks with older methods. The Defense Advanced Research Project Agency stated that this single application more than paid back DARPA’s 30-year investment in AI. Moreover, The iRobot Corporation has sold over two million Roomba robotic vacuum cleaners for home use. The company also deploys the more rugged to Iraq and Afghanistan, where it is used to handle hazardous materials. Henceforth, Machine Translation: A computer program automatically translates from Arabic to English, allowing an English speaker to see the headline “Confirms That Turkey Would Not Accept Any Pressure, Urging Them to Recognize Cyprus.” The program uses a statistical model built from examples of Arabic-to-English translations. None of the computer scientists on the team speak Arabic, but they do understand statistics and machine learning algorithms. These are just a few examples of artificial intelligence systems that exist today. Not magic or science fiction—but rather science, engineering, and mathematics, to which this book provides an introduction.

2. Question and Answer
1.1 Define in your own words?
Answer: (b) artificial intelligence
1.4 Suppose we extend Evans’s ANALOGY program so that it can score 200 on a standard IQ test. Would we then have a program more intelligent than a human? Explain.
Answer: No, there is no program more intelligent than a human because the creator of the program is a human. The analogy program is just an indication how IQ tests can be taken satisfactorily and to score what it was meant to do. If a program scores 200 on the test, it is possible for a human to score 200 too.
1.7 To what extent are the following computer systems instances of artificial intelligence?
• Supermarket bar code scanners.
• Web search engines.
• Voice-activated telephone menus.
• Internet routing algorithms that respond dynamically to the state of the network.
Answer: All have a certain size. The 21st century is the age of artificial intelligence, so if I look at the latest technologies, I think they are being used quite a bit.
1.9 Why would evolution tend to result in systems that act rationally? What goals are such systems designed to achieve?
Answer: So what do you people need. What can be done to make work and life easier. Will we become a developed country in the future. A system was created for this.
1.10 Is AI a science, or is it engineering? Or neither or both? Explain
Answer: Both of them. Where there is intelligence, there is science. Where the mind is, there is the man. Where there are people, everyone is there (ENGINEER).
1.11 “Surely computers cannot be intelligent—they can do only what their programmers tell them.” Is the latter statement true, and does it imply the former?
Answer: The latter is true (they can do only what their programmers tell them).

3. Artificial intelligence model can detect Parkinson’s from breathing patterns
Parkinson’s disease is notoriously difficult to diagnose as it relies primarily on the appearance of motor symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, and slowness, but these symptoms often appear several years after the disease onset. An artificial intelligence model that can detect Parkinson’s just from reading a person’s breathing patterns. The tool in question is a neural network, a series of connected algorithms that mimic the way a human brain works, capable of assessing whether someone has Parkinson’s from their nocturnal breathing, breathing patterns that occur while sleeping. Over the years, researchers have investigated the potential of detecting Parkinson’s using cerebrospinal fluid and neuroimaging, but such methods are invasive, costly, and require access to specialized medical centers, making them unsuitable for frequent testing that could otherwise provide early diagnosis or continuous tracking of disease progression. “A relationship between Parkinson’s and breathing was noted as early as 1817, in the work of Dr. James Parkinson. This motivated us to consider the potential of detecting the disease from one’s breathing without looking at movements,” Katabi says. “Some medical studies have shown that respiratory symptoms manifest years before motor symptoms, meaning that breathing attributes could be promising for risk assessment prior to Parkinson’s diagnosis”. The fastest-growing neurological disease in the world, Parkinson’s is the second-most common neurological disorder, after Alzheimer's disease. In the United States alone, it afflicts over 1 million people and has an annual economic burden of $51.9 billion. The research team’s algorithm was tested on 7,687 individuals, including 757 Parkinson’s patients. “We’ve had no therapeutic breakthroughs this century, suggesting that our current approaches to evaluating new treatments is suboptimal,” says Ray Dorsey.
Conclusion: Currently, artificial intelligence is widely used in the healthcare industry. Because human life is more important. Artificial intelligence can save time and save lives by acting quickly when human life is counted in minutes. Scientist are still trying new technologies with more focus on this aspect. Soon, the time to replace human organs with artificial intelligence is approaching.

Source:
Google.com
Youtube.com

Class: CS3A Name: Bayarbileg ID: CS20D004