Notes

A block containing the hash of a previous block is called an ancestor block. https://free-solitaire.online/ Thus, a blockchain stretches in the direction of time with the most recent block as the parent block, enabling users to see the progression of transactions. Each block contains a timestamp and a link to a previous block in the blockchain. The timestamp indicates when a block was validly produced, and
on which nodes the block was seen. This allows to verify the sequence of blocks and to establish the truthfulness of the ledger.

Not all blocks are equally reliable. Branches from the main chain, not signed by any previous blocks, are called zero blocks, can be considered invalid, as they do not inherit the consensus rules. The primary purpose of the zero block is to serve as a utility for routing transactions.

In rare circumstances, blocks may be orphaned, that is, they are not connected to any subsequent block in the blockchain and may never be connected.; This condition is called a blockchain fork. An orphaned block may reference an earlier valid block through the use of the term

In addition to the main chain there is also a smaller chain containing only valid blocks that is used to perform block validation.

(Atomic) blockchains
Atomic blockchains are similar to blockchains in that they are distributed databases containing a chain of ordered blocks, along with a consensus system that comes into place the moment a new block is appended to the chain. The important difference is that blockchain applications are typically based on consensus algorithms that are vulnerable to Sybil attack (bootstrapping), while atomic blockchains may rely on traditional blockchain consensus models.

Pros and cons
Atomic blockchain application development has grown significantly, however a primary difference is that there are many blockchain application alternatives. There is limited consensus on a single answer as to which type of blockchain might be best for a given purpose.

Claimed benefits
Small and distributed/decentralized: In contrast to a blockchain system that contains a single, central server or authority, an atomic blockchain relies on distributed servers. This removes the need for centralized servers, such as the database on which is based the BitTorrent distributed application. A distributed database system is "more difficult to corrupt", according to the authors of Distributed Blockchain Technology. It also can theoretically be distributed among more countries.

Implementation
Blockchains are inherently expensive to implement, due to the high cost of running many nodes. Distributed consensus algorithms must be chosen
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