Notes

World History Final Exam Review

Committee of Public Safety: created in March 1793 by the National Convention and then restructured in July 1793, formed the de facto executive government in France during the Reign of Terror
Coup D’etat: overthrow of the system of government under the Directory in France and substituted the Consulate, making way for the despotism of Napoleon Bonaparte. The event is often viewed as the effective end of the French Revolution.
Elba: The tiny island that Napoleon was granted after his abdication or exiled. Off of the coast of Italy.
St.Helena: island where napoleon died
Battle of Waterloo: The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power.
Communist Manifesto: a pamphlet by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: first statement of the principles of modern communism.
Guillotine: a machine with a heavy blade sliding vertically in grooves, used for beheading people.
Imperialism: a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Nationalism: an extreme form of patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts, especially marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries.
Great Trek: a movement of Dutch-speaking colonists up into the interior of southern Africa in search of land where they could establish their own homeland, independent of British rule.
Scientific Method: a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.
Kaiser: the German emperor, the emperor of Austria, or the head of the Holy Roman Empire.
Enlightenment: a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition.
Sepoy Rebellion: a revolt of the sepoy troops in British India (1857–59), resulting in the transfer of the administration of India from the East India Company to the crown.
Bolshevik Revolution: A revolution in Russia in 1917–1918, also called the October Revolution, that overthrew the czar and brought the Bolsheviks, a Communist party led by Lenin, to power.
Czar: from Russian tsar’, representing Latin Caesar
Communism: a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
Cheka: having virtually unrestrained power over life and death.
Alliance System: a group of nations and/or people that worked together to achieve a certain goal.
U-Boat: a German submarine used in World War I or World War II
Zimmerman Note: a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire offering a military alliance with Mexico, in the event of the United States entering World War I against Germany.
Treaty of Paris: signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War.
Treaty of Versailles: one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Reparations: the making of amends for wrong or injury done
The Great War: World War 1
Mein Kampf: Mein Kampf is an autobiographical manifesto by Adolf Hitler, in which he outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.
Fascist Party: a governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism.
Holocaust: the systematic mass slaughter of European Jews in Nazi concentration camps during World War II
Genocide: the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.
Appeasement: the action or process of pacify or placate (someone) by acceding to their demands.
Armistice: an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce.
Hiroshima: Hiroshima, a modern city on Japan’s Honshu Island, was largely destroyed by an atomic bomb during World War II.
Nagasaki: a port in SW Japan, on W Kyushu: almost completely destroyed in 1945 by the second atomic bomb dropped on Japan by the US.
Concentration Camps: a place where large numbers of people, especially political prisoners or members of persecuted minorities, are deliberately imprisoned in a relatively small area with inadequate facilities, sometimes to provide forced labor or to await mass execution.
United Nations: an intergovernmental organization established 24 October 1945 to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was created following the Second World War to prevent another such conflict.




People

Maximilien Robespierre: French lawyer and politician, and one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution.
Napoleon: Napoléon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and its associated wars. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again in 1815
Marx: Karl Marx was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Born in Germany, he later became stateless and spent much of his life in London in the United Kingdom.
Engels: Friedrich Engels was a German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of Marxist theory, together with Karl Marx.
Louis XVI: King of France from 1774 until his deposition in 1792, although his formal title after 1791 was King of the French. He was executed on the 21st of January 1793.
Boers: a South African of Dutch, German, or Huguenot descent
Cecil Rhodes: British businessman, mining magnate, and politician in South Africa
Copernicus: Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe.
Galileo: an Italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician who played a major role in the scientific revolution during the Renaissance
Locke: is among the most influential political philosophers of the modern period. In the Two Treatises of Government, he defended the claim that men are by nature free and equal against claims that God had made all people naturally subject to a monarch.
Montesquieu: Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, was commonly known as Montesquieu. He was a French political thinker. He lived during the Enlightenment, and is famous for his theory of the separation of powers in government.
Newton: Sir Isaac Newton, a mathematician and physicist, one of the foremost scientific intellects of all time
Rousseau: Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century. His political philosophy influenced The Enlightenment in France and across Europe
Voltaire: François-Marie Arouet, known by his nom de plume Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, and his attacks on the established Catholic Church
Otto Von Bismarck: Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg, known as Otto von Bismarck, was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890.
Camillo de Cavour: Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso, Count of Cavour, of Isolabella and of Leri, generally known as Cavour was an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification.
Garibaldi: Italian general and politician who played a large role in the history of Italy. He is considered, with Camillo Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II and Giuseppe Mazzini, as one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland".
Sepoy: an Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders.
Vladimir Lenin: Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, alias Lenin was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist
Nicholas II: the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland. His official short title was Tsar Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias.
Archduke Ferdinand: Franz Ferdinand was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1896 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne. His assaination directly lead to the start of World War 1
Hitler: Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945
Aryan: The Nazis claimed to scientifically measure a strict hierarchy of human race; the "master race" was said to be the most pure stock of the Aryan race, which was narrowly defined by the Nazis as being identical with the Nordic race, followed by other sub-races of the Aryan race.