Notes

Health Effects of EMF Radiation
The radiation from RF-EMF can cause damage to DNA, increase the temperature of tissues, and disrupt the blood-brain barrier. These are real-world effects, and ARPANSA is actively involved within the EHS community, medical professionals and researchers. The agency will continue to examine research regarding the health effects caused by EMF radiation.

RF-EMF causes DNA damage
The exposure to electromagnetic fields created by humans (EMFs) are associated with DNA damage and other health consequences. EMFs can affect the intracellular ionic levels, which are essential to ensure the balance of electrochemical activity in cells. In turn, this can disrupt cell homeostasis, resulting damages to the DNA. Additionally exposure to EMFs can cause an increase in the production of free radicals as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Exposure to RF-EMF radiation has been linked with alterations in the development of male germ cells. This results in the development of germ cells into spermatozoa, as well as functional maturation as the spermatozoa move across the epididymis. To investigate the effect of RF-EMF exposure on the development of male germ cells, a specifically-designed waveguide machine was constructed for the exposure of unrestrained mice to RF-EME at 2.2 W/kg.

In a recent study researchers found that exposure to RF EME caused oxidative DNA damage in spermatozoa. Sperm DNA fragmentation was increased by 18% after one week of treatment and by 23% after 5 weeks. Furthermore, DNA damage in mitochondria was observed by measuring the level of a biomarker, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG).

Although the radiation emitted by RF-EMF isn't yet recognized as a true carcinogen. However, numerous studies have shown that exposure to RF-EMF can affect DNA integrity in a variety of cell types. In emf radiation protector of these studies researchers were exposed Vero cell lines to EMF at 100 Hz over about 45 minutes. They measured DNA damage 48 hours after exposure to determine whether the exposure affected DNA integrity.

RF-EMF causes tissue heating
Although the effects of RF-EMF are generally thought to have thermal origins, some studies have demonstrated that non-thermal effects are also evident. These effects may account for some of the unresolved observations in the epidemiological study of EMF hypersensitivity. Therefore, it is important to look at the non-thermal aspects when conducting a systematic review.

The non-thermal effects that RF-EMF can have may be mediated by the cell membrane. This is a field which has already been extensively examined. In particular, the electrochemical behavior of cell membranes has been investigated. Current understanding suggests that RF-EMF energy that exceeds 1 MHz is transferred to the tissue through dielectric as well as the dissipation of ions. Studies of the theory have suggested that the energy transfer to the tissue could be up to 200 kV/m.

The electric properties of tissue are regulated by the composition and distribution of water molecules, ions, and other molecules in the body. This determines how absorbed RF EMR is by different tissues. Tissues with higher conductivity tend to absorb more of the field, and thus cause more of an effect. This is why the degree of tissue heating is not constant from outside to inside however, it is more prevalent in hot areas. Bone and fatty tissue is less prone to RF heating than other tissues, because they are low in water content.

The intensity of penetration of the electromagnetic field is determined by the strength and frequency that the electromagnetic field has. Muscle tissue absorbs more field energy than other tissues and converts it to heat more effectively. Usually the penetration depth for RF EMF is determined by millimeters (mm). But, the greater the frequency, the shallower the penetration.


RF-EMF causes blood-brain barrier disruption
Researchers have found that RF-EMF can alter the blood-brain-barrier change sleep patterns as well as neurotransmitter levels. In addition, the effects that EMF in brain activities are linked to neurodegenerative disorders. For example, EMF from mobile phones can affect electroencephalogram activity and sleep patterns, and the actions of nitric Oxide and xanthin oxide.

Researchers from the Vienna University have studied the effects of exposure to RF EMF in brain cells. They also studied what effects ELF EMF on brain system. Though the cellular mechanisms that are involved aren't fully known however, there is an obvious connection between exposure to ELF-EMF and depletion of myelin. This relationship might account for the electro-hypersensitivity symptoms of electro-hypersensitivity. There are, however, tested methods to regenerate myelin in the brain.

Researchers have observed that exposure to frequencies of 900 MHz EMF enhanced the permeability of BBB and increased indicators of neuronal injury in rodents. They also observed increased extravasation of neuronal albumin. Additionally, they observed in 30 minutes exposure at 900 MHz 99mTcMIBI increased its diffusion to the cerebral cortex. But this effect did not occur when using Evans blue-based injections.

However, RF-EMF is not able to provide a definitive mechanism for disrupting the BBB. Evidence suggests that non-thermal EMF exposure may increase erythrocyte cell membrane permeability, which could alter the BBB and also increase calcium ion efflux. Moreover, the presence of a 99mTc-MIBI radiotracer in the brain has also been connected to increased permeability of BBB.

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