Notes

1PLANNING PHASE
SCHEMATIC DESIGN
Different structures have been used in the building of pagodas, depending on the building materials. The structure and method of construction of a wooden pagoda are similar to those of a palace, temple, multi-storeyed building, or pavilion made of wood, i.e., the traditional beam or the bracket system. It is usually composed of a frame, rafters, sheathing, eaves, and roof. A pagoda made of bricks and stones, like other brick and stone buildings, is constructed by methods such as piling up bricks or stone blocks and making archways.


2. PRELIMINARY STRUCTURE DESIGN
CONCEPT DESIGN
A pagoda may be solid or hollow. Solid pagodas are filled with bricks, stones, or rammed earth. Occasionally, a wooden framework is installed inside a solid pagoda to strengthen the bearing capacity of outreaching parts of the pagoda. On the whole, Every pagoda is surmounted by a steeple, sometimes pointed and sometimes ball-shaped. They vary greatly in style and building materials.

3. ESTIMATION OF LOADS https://www.structuralbasics.com/loads-on-roof-structures/
Area loads– applied on areas, and the unit is kN/m2. Area loads are usually applied on floor slabs, walls, and facade elements.
Line loads - are applied on beams, columns, walls, rafters, purlins, and probably a few more
Point loads can be applied on all structural members.
During the preliminary structural design stage, a structure’s potential external load is estimated, and the size of the structure’s interconnected members is determined based on the estimated loads.

1. Dead load | self-weight
2. Wind load - The wind load is the resulting force of the wind that blows on a building or structure.
3. Live load -The live load is the resulting force of the weight of things that can change location, but also the weight can change over time.
4. Seismic load -The seismic load is the resulting force due to earthquakes.

FACTOR OF SAFETY
The required safety factor or the design factor is the constant value imposed by the law or the standards. This is the minimum factor value to be satisfied.
Realized Safety factor is the ratio of structural capacity to the actual applied load. It is developed based on the reliability of the design

4. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
four major components of the pagoda
1. Underground Palace- It is also known as the dragon palace or the dragon cave.
2. Base- The base of the pagoda is built above the underground palace as the support structure of the entire monument.
3 Body-It is made of bricks or wood or a combination of both.
4 Steeple- It is the highest part of the pagodas but the structure may vary from one pagoda to the other because of the adopted architecture.
A structure, as it relates to civil engineering, is a system of interconnected members used to support external loads. Structural analysis is the prediction of the response of structures to specified arbitrary external loads. Structural analysis establishes the relationship between a structural member’s expected external load and the structure’s corresponding developed internal stresses and displacements that occur within the member when in service.

Beams- are structural members whose longitudinal dimensions are appreciably greater than their lateral dimensions.
Columns are vertical structural members that are subjected to axial compression
Frames are structures composed of vertical and horizontal members
Trusses are structural frameworks composed of straight members connected at the joints


5. STRUCTURAL DESIGN SAFETY AND SERVICEABILITY
This is necessary to ensure that the structural members satisfy the safety and serviceability requirements of the local building code and specifications of the area where the structure is located.
@GUIDLINE
-used to house relics or remains of saints and kings.
-It was used as the safe house for the Buddhist scriptures and statues of Buddha. It is usually composed of a frame, rafters, sheathing, eaves and roof

6. REVISED STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Design standards and installation methods are revised to evaluate all structural criteria and compliance to be adhered to. Worked methods and examples are provided throughout for axial, bending, collapse, tension, ratings, capacities, optimal lengths, setting depths, safety factors, and set-up time restoration effects based on soil classification and industry-recommended standards

7. CONSTRUCTION PHASE
BUILDING LICENSING AND EVALUATION
The available methods are evaluation by structural analysis based on known material properties, dimensions and loading, evaluation by analysis and physical load testing, and evaluation by analysis and structural modeling depending on the nature of the structure and the level of information available about the existing condition of the structure.

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF PAGODA BUILDING STRUCTURE
Beams- are structural members whose longitudinal dimensions are appreciably greater than their lateral dimensions.
Columns are vertical structural members that are subjected to axial compression
Frames are structures composed of vertical and horizontal members
Trusses are structural frameworks composed of straight members connected at the joints.