Notes

Genetically modified crops are more advantageous than the weeds

Herbicide resistance might give plants an advantage in the wild.

Credit Xiao Yang
It has been established that a genetic modification technique that is used extensively to make crops herbicide-resistant, gives advantages to an invasive variety of rice. The results indicate that such modifications could have positive effects on wild rice varieties as well as the crops.

ラウンドアップ A variety of crop varieties have been genetically modified to make them immune to Roundup herbicide glyphosate. This resistance allows farmers to remove the majority of weeds from their fields without causing harm to their crops.

ラウンドアップ 風 Glyphosate inhibits an enzyme known as EPSP synthase, which is responsible for the production of certain amino acid and other molecules. It can also inhibit plant growth. https://www.komeri.com/search/ラウンドアップ/?dispNo=&codeSearch=0&searchFirst=1 Genetic modification, for instance, the Roundup Ready crops manufactured by Monsanto in St. Louis, Missouri, involves inserting genes into the genetic code in order to increase EPSP production. The genes typically come from bacteria that has affected the plants.

The plant can withstand the effects caused by glyphosate since it has an extra EPSP-synthase. Biotechnology labs have also tried to use genes from plants instead of bacteria to boost EPSP-synthase production and, in turn, to take advantage of a loophole within US law that facilitates approval by regulators of organisms that have transgenes not that are derived from bacteria.

https://www.askul.co.jp/ksearch/?searchWord=ラウンドアップ 除草剤 A few studies have looked into whether transgenes , such as ones that confer resistance to glyphosate could -- after they get into weedy or wild relatives through cross-pollination, make plants more competitive in terms of survival and reproduction. Norman Ellstrand is a University of California Riverside plant geneticist. "The assumption is that any kind of transgene can cause disadvantage in the wild, in the absence of select pressure, since it could reduce fitness," Ellstrand said.

Lu Baorong (an ecologist at Fudan University, Shanghai) has since challenged this view. It has proven that glyphosate resistance can give a significant fitness boost to a weedy rice crop called Oryza sativa even when it is not being used.

In the study published this month in New Phytologist 1, Lu and his colleagues modified the genetics of the rice plant to increase the expression of the species' own EPSP synthase. They also crossed-bred the altered rice with a weedy relative.

The team then allowed offspring that were cross-bred to breed with one-another, creating second generation hybrids which were genetically identical to their parents with the exception for the number of duplicates of the gene that codes for EPSP synthase. The team found that those with greater than one copy of the gene that codes for EPSP synthase expressed more enzyme and also produced more tryptophan, which is what we expected.

The researchers also found that transgenic hybrids have higher rates of photosynthesis. They also produced more flowers and shoots and produced 48 to 125 percent more seeds per plant than non-transgenic hybridswith or without glyphosate.

Making the weedy rice more competitive can cause more problems for farmers all over the world where plots are ravaged by the pest, Lu says.

Brian Ford-Lloyd (a UK plant geneticist) states that if the EPSP synthase genes gets into wild rice species, their genetic diversity, which is vital to preserve could be endangered. The transgene would surpass the regular species. "This is a prime illustration of the most likely and harmful negative effects of GM crops on the environment."

The general public believes that genetically engineered crops that have extra copies or microorganisms genes are more secure than those containing only their own genes. https://sungreen-aoshima.com/pesticide/roundup/ "Our study proves that this isn't necessarily the case," says Lu.

The finding calls for a reconsideration of the future regulations for the genetically altered crops, scientists say. "Some individuals are saying that biosafety regulations are relaxed because we have a high level of comfort with the two decades of genetic engineering," says Ellstrand. "But this study has shown that novel products still need to be evaluated with care."

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