Notes

Genetically modified crops pass benefits to Weeds

In nature, herbicide resistance may confer advantages on plants.

Weedy rice may pick up transgenes from genetically modified crops by cross-pollinating. Credit: Xiao Yang
One common genetic-modification method employed to make crops resistant to herbicides was shown to have advantages over weedy forms of rice. The results suggest that this modification may be able to have positive effects on wild rice varieties as well as crop varieties.

A variety of crops are created genetically to resist the glyphosate. ラウンドアップ This herbicide, originally called Roundup, was introduced on the market in the year 1996 under the trade name Roundup. This resistance to glyphosate allows farmers to eradicate the majority of herbicides in their fields without harming their crops.

Glyphosate hinders growth of plants by blocking an enzyme referred to as EPSP synthase. It is involved in the production of specific amino acids and other molecules that make up as much as 35% of the plant's mass. Genetic modification employed by Monsanto's Roundup Ready crops, which are located in St Louis (Missouri), typically involves inserting genes into a crop's DNA to increase EPSP synthase's production. The genes typically come from bacteria that are infected with plants.

The plant can withstand the effects caused by glyphosate since it has an extra EPSP-synthase. ラウンドアップ Biotechnology labs have also attempted to utilize the genes of plants to boost EPSP-synthase levels, in part to take advantage of a loophole in the American system which permits the approval of regulatory authorities of transgenes that are not derived from bacterial pests.

A few studies have explored the possibility that transgenes similar to those that confer glyphosate resistant can help plants compete in reproductive success and longevity once they're introduced to wild or weedy relatives through cross-pollination. Norman Ellstrand is a University of California Riverside plant geneticist. "The expectation is that any transgene will cause disadvantage in the wild, in the absence of selective pressure because it would reduce fitness," Ellstrand said.

ラウンドアップ Lu Baorong is an Ecologist in Fudan University Shanghai. His study shows that resistance to glyphosate offers a significant health benefit, even though it isn't applied.

Lu and his coworkers modified cultivars of rice to produce more EPSP synthase. They also crossed the modified rice with a weedy related. Their findings were published in NewPhytologist 1.

The researchers then allowed offspring to crossbreed with one-another, creating second generation hybrids that were genetically identical to their parents with the exception for the number of copies of the gene that encodes EPSP synthase. Likely, the ones with more copies expressed higher amounts of the enzyme and also produced more amino acids tryptophan than their unmodified counterparts.

Researchers also found that plants with transgenic genes had higher rates for photosynthesis, produced more flowers, and produced 48-125% fewer seeds per plant than nontransgenic hybrids. This was despite the fact that glyphosate was never present.

Lu claims that making the weedy grain more competitive may increase the difficulties it causes for farmers across the world who have crops affected by the pest.

Brian Ford-Lloyd, Brian Ford-Lloyd is a UK plant geneticist. He says, "If the EPSP synthase gene gets in the wild rice species their genetic diversity could be at risk, which is crucial because the genotype that has transgene is superior to the natural species." "This is a clear illustration of the very real negative impacts of GM plantson the surroundings."

The popular belief that genetically modified crops that contain additional copies of their genes are safe is questioned by this study. Lu claims that the research "shows that this is not always the case".

ラウンドアップ According to some scientists, the finding suggests that any future regulation for genetically engineered crops should be reconsidered. ラウンドアップ Ellstrand believes that some believe biosafety regulations can be relaxed given the past more than two years of genetic engineering. "But the research shows that new products require an unbiased examination."


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