Notes

PRELIMS TO MIDTERM TOPICS


SOCIAL WORK
-Is the profession which is primarily concerned with organized social service activity aim to facilitate and strengthen basic social relationships and the mutual adjustment between individuals and their social environment for the good of the individual and of society by the use of social work methods.(RA 4373)
-Person – in – environment:
-Person and environment affect each other
-A person – in – environment focus sees people as constantly interacting with various systems around them.

BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL + SPIRITUAL BEING –
-Is what composes a person.
-This includes biological , psychological , social component .


TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT:
-PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
-SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
-POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT
-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

What is REALITY?
REALITY –
-Created in the mind through the process of perception.
-It is different for each one even if we are in the same situation.

PERCEPTION –
-This skill is important in order for us to handle the different interpretations of people.
-Sharing of realities is important to lessen the differences of reality.

STATIC –
Meaning “at rest”
-This happens when we becomes too comfortable with our own reality.
-To avoid static communication is important in order to understand that there is not only one reality.

HUMAN REALITY –
-Is a totality of events that impact our existence. It’s scope includes things that actually happened, those things that are actually occurring presently, and those things that actually will come to pass at some time in the future.

HINDRANCES IN ACHIEVING REALITY –
-Standards created by adults
-Law or rules of order
-Parenting
-Accepted norms


SOCIAL REALITY –
-Created through social interaction
-A product of human dialogue
-It is the phenomenon that is happening in the society.

KNOWLEDGE BASE AREAS OF SOCIAL WORK


KNOWLEDGE AREAS –

SOCIAL WELFARE POLICIES, PROGRAMS AND SERVICES –
Concerned with the organization, administration and operation of social services, programs and policies.

SOCIAL WORK METHODS OR PRACTICE –
Concerned with the actual process by which the social worker help his or her client.

HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT –
Focuses on the way we understand an individual or the client, or the dynamics of human in his interrelationship with the environment.
-TOOLS OF ANALYSIS
-SOCIAL
-POLITICAL
-ECONOMICAL
-CULTURAL
-SPIRITUAL
-ENVIRONMENTAL
-GENDER




SOCIAL PROBLEM
Is any condition or behavior that has negative consequences for a large number of people and that is generally recognized as a condition or behavior that needs to be addressed.

ANATOMY
Is the study of the structure or internal workings of something.
The branch of science that is concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and separation of parts.

Types of Views or Theories of Social Problem

Objective Rationalism Social Functionalism (Objective view) –
Comes from acknowledging that a particular condition exists and it can be confirmed by collection of data.
Example: delta, reports, and observations.

Subjective Social Constructionalism (Subjective view)–
Understand the concept of social constructionism.
Social problems are not objectively predetermined.
They become real only when they are subjectively defined or perceived as problematic.
Focuses on how a problem is socially defined in a dialectic process meaning there is an interaction between individuals and their social world.

Social constructionism –
Views on how our world is a social creation, originating an evolving through our everyday thoughts and actions.
When does a problem becomes a social problem?
If they are recognized by a large number of citizens, policy makers and other segments of society.
Even if they received a little or no attention, negative conditions and behaviors should be considered a social problem.

MILLS, 1959. SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION –

Private/Personal Trouble –
“Character of the individual and within the range of his immediate relationships with others”

Public issues –
Become social problems when they affect large numbers of people and “when society as represented by government, sees the trouble as a threat”

HISTORY OF SOCIAL PROBLEM

FOUR STAGES OF PROCESS:

TRANSFORMATION –
Taking a private trouble and transforming it into a public issue.
In this stage, those who are influential such as media, advocates and politicians defines and issue as a social problem.

LEGITIMIZATION –
Formalizing the manner in which the social problems or complains generated by the problem are handled.

CONFLICT –
Social change groups often conclude that the action is to limited in goes on our scope to be able to successfully address the social problem.

ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES –
Social change groups often concludes that the government and established interests are not responding adequately to their claims.


RELATED THEORIES ON SOCIAL PROBLEM

FUNCTIONALIST THEORY –
-Examines the functions or consequences of the structure of society.
-Social problems are not analyzed in terms of how bad they are for the society rather if the problem has a certain function in the society.
-The function of society Is to civilized or control individuals actions.
-Human beings have desires that results in chaos unless society controls or limits them.
-Social order can be treated during periods of rapid social change.

CONFLICT THEORY –
-Society is held together by power and person for the benefit of those in power.
-Social problems emerge from the continuous conflict between groups in our society.
-The biggest social problem from this perspective is the system itself and the inequality it perpetuates.
-Arising from an equal positions held by members of society.
-Emphasizes that the various parts of society contribute to ongoing inequality favors social change to reduce inequality.


CONCLUSION:

FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE – view social problem as beneficial in the society

CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE – views social problem as a result of inequality or conflict in the society.





Anatomy of Social Problem

-It is any condition or behavior that has negative consequences for large number of people

And that is generally recognized as a condition or behavior that needs to be addressed.

Objective View/Rationalism

-As a consisting of a number of objectives, measurable characteristics such as how many

People the problem affects, the degree of severity, a typology of the problem and an

Explanation for how and why the problem occurs. (Blumer, 1971)

Subjective View

-Social problems are not objectively predetermined.

-They become real only when they are subjectively defined or perceived as problematic.


Process of Becoming a Social Problem

1.Transformation

-Taking a private trouble and transforming it into a public issue.

2.Legitimization

-Formalizing the manner in which the social problems or complaints generated by the

Problem are handled

3.Conflict

-Social change groups often conclude that the action is too limited in goals or scope to be

Able to successfully address the social problem.

4.Alternative Strategies

-They may develop new strategies in order to address the social problem.


Perspective in Understanding Social Problem

Functionalist Perspective

-Social Problem are not analyzed in terms of how bad they are for the society rather if the problem has a certain function in the society.

Conflict Perspective

-Social problems emerge from the continuing conflict between groups in our society.

Feminist Perspective

-Defines gender as a source of social inequality, group conflict and social problems.

Symbolic Interactionism Perspective

-The problem behavior is learned from others or the problem itself is learned from others.



Poverty

-Poverty is the absence of acceptable choices across a broad range of important life

Decisions—a severe lack of freedom to be or to do what one wants. (James Foster et. Al)

Classification

Absolute Poverty

-“A condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs…”

Relative Poverty

-A situation in which some people fail to achieve the average income of lifestyle enjoyed By the rest of society.

Forms/Types of Poverty

Situational Poverty

-Temporary type of poverty based on occurrence of an adverse event.

Generational Poverty

-Handed over to individual and families from one generation to the one.

Rural Poverty

-It is the area where there are less job opportunities, less access to services, less support For disabilities and quality education opportunities.

Urban Poverty

-Poverty experienced by people in the urban area.

Social Poverty

-Includes people groups that are undervalued and have few rights.

Educational Poverty

-When education is not available, families get trapped in the cycle of poverty for Generations.

Health Poverty

-When a person is unhealthy it is difficult to hold down a job and develop positive Relationships.

Spiritual Poverty

-People in poverty struggle with feelings of worthlessness and despair.

Environmental Poverty

-Physical surroundings play a large role in a person’s wellbeing.

Economic Poverty

-Lack of money or income to provide the basic needs.


Approaches in Measuring Poverty

Monetary Approach

-Traditional approach “people are poor if they don’t have money”

Capability Approach

-Rejects monetary income as its measure of well-being and instead focuses on indicators Of the freedom to live a valued life.

Social Exclusion Approach

-Focuses on the process of marginalization to specific groups.

-A person may be suffering poverty if he or she is being excluded by other members of Society.

Participatory Approach

-A growing family of approaches and methods to enable local people to share, enhance And analyze their knowledge of life and conditions, to plan and to act.


History of Poverty

Pre-Colonization

-Different social classes – Datu / Rajah slaves

Colonization

-Inequality is felt and poverty worsen.

Independence

-Capitalist continued to abuse the wealth of the country.

Development Efforts in the Philippines

Education

-Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education.

-Encourage people to enroll in higher education.


Healthcare

-Universal Healthcare Act

-Enrolling citizens in the National Insurance Program.


Family Aid

-Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4ps)

-Conditional cash to transfer to Filipino families.


Economic Improvement

-Rice Tariff Law

-35% tariff to imported rice benefiting the local farmers by creating a more competitive


Agriculture.

Build, Build, Build

-Creating infrastructures that improves the lives of Filipinos.

-Roads, Airports, Seaports, Bridges, etc.


Social Amelioration Program

-Cash subsidy for low-income families

Private Sector

-Non-government organizations / institutions / companies

-Delivering public goods, provide credits, social welfare services


Church / Religious Groups

-Different programs such as feeding programs, rice distribution, livelihood programs.

Feminization of Poverty

-Understanding poverty the way it is experienced by women.

Feminized Poverty

-Women, Work, and Family
-Reproductive Autonomy
-Economic Development

Eradicating Feminized Poverty

-Proposing Changes Using Feminism
-Strengthening the Economic Capacity of Women
-Macro-Economic Reforms


SEMI FINALS TO FINALS TOPIC

Topic 1:
Women
Contents:
1.Definition
2.Current status
3.Needs
4.Issues
5.Laws for Women
Women
●An adult female human being
●Someone who is capable of pregnancy and giving birth
Current Situations of Women
The current situation of women in the Philippines is best described as having sharp contradictions. The Filipino women may be considered as one of the most advance vis-à-vis The woman in other countries, in the area of academic, professional, politics and legislation. However, they also suffer from domestic violence, economic disadvantages, discrimination at the workplace, exploitation as migrant workers, and as prostituted women and displacement brought about by the intermittent wars in conflict affected areas.
Needs
● Women Rights
Issues
●Prostitution
●Women works discrimination
●Domestic violence
●Female Genital Mutilation
●Unequal Access to Education
●Forced Marriage
Laws for Women
“ Discrimination Prohibited”
(Republic Act 6725)
An act strengthening the prohibition on discrimination against women with respect to terms and conditions of employment, amending for the purpose article 135 on the labor code as amended.
“ Anti-mail Order Bride Law”
(Republic Act 6955)
An act to declare unlawful the practice of matchmaking Filipino women for marriage to foreign nationals on a mail order basis and other similar practices, including the advertisement, publication, printing or distributing of brochures, flyers and other propaganda materials in furtherance thereof and providing penalty therefore.
“ Women in Development and Nation Building Act”
(Republic Act 7192)
Mandates the government to ensure the participation of women and their integration and development and nation building.
“ The Anti-Sexual Harassment of 1995”
(Republic Act 7877)
An act declaring sexual-harassment unlawful in the employment, education or training environment, and for other purposes.
“Anti Rape Law of 1997”
(Republic Act 8353)
An act expanding the definition of the crime of rape, reclassifying the same as the crime against persons, amending for purpose act no. 3815, as amended otherwise known as the revised panel code, and for other purposes.
“ Rape Victim Assistance and Protection Act of 1998”
(Republic Act 8505)
An act providing assistance and protection for rape victims, establishing for the purpose a rape crisis center in every province and city, authorizing the appropriation of funds therefor, and for other purposes.
“ Anti-trafficking in Persons Act of 2003
(Republic Act 9208)
An act to institute policies to eliminate trafficking in persons especially women and children, establishing the necessary institutional mechanisms for the protection and support of trafficked persons, providing penalties for its violation, and for other.
“ Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004”
(Republic Act 9262)
An act the defining violence against women and their children, providing for protective measures for victims, prescribing penalties therefore, and for other purposes.
Topic 2:
Children
Contents:
1.Definition
2.Current situations
3.Forms of child abuse
4.Issues
5.Laws for children
Children
●Young human being blew the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority.
●A young person especially between infancy and puberty.
●International and domestic law is clear: a child is anyone under the age of 18 ● Children are vulnerable
Childrens Current Situations
●80% of Filipino children have encountered some type of violence.
●Child labor
●Child poverty
●Food and nutrition
●Lack of education
●Child marriage
●Child abuse
Different Forms of Child Abuse
●Bullying and cyberbullying
●Child trafficking
●Domestic abuse
●Emotional abuse
●Physical abuse
●Sexual abuse
Children’s Issues
●Neglected children
●Abandoned
●Children in exploitative and hazardous labor
●Street children
●Physically and sexually abused
●Children trap in substance/drug abuse ● Poverty
〇More than 30% of children in developing countries suffer from malnutrition and are underweight.
○ More than 25,000 children die in poverty everyday. ● Prostitution
○ UNICEF Believes there are over 50,000 child prostitutes in the Philippines and over 200,000 child prostitutes in India, with areas controlled by reputable businessmen. ● Illiteracy
○ People can’t get decent jobs and when they have children of their own, they don’t have funds to educate them and the next generation of illiterates is born.
●Slavery
〇Stricken parents sell their children to traders who in turn sell them on to be used as slaves.
●Refugees
〇Of the 50-odd million refugees in the world, 25 million of them are children.
●Pornography
〇Children are often filmed or photographed doing all sorts of unspeakable things abducted by immoral, unethical, and unscrupulous individuals.
Children's Needs
●Security
〇A home, food, clothing, healthcare, and protection from home addressed, children must feel secure and protected.
●Stability
〇To provide children and families a sense of community, tradition, and cultural continuity, larger groups should be a part of their lives.
●Consistency
〇Parents should coordinate their parenting and make sure important values remain constant.
●Education
〇This includes education, but it also refers to the priceless life teaching provided while you are together.
●Exemplary role models
〇Being the kind of person you want your children to become will instill your values and teach them empathy.
●Structure
〇Rules, restrictions, and limitations.
●Emotional assistance
〇Trust, respect, self-worth, and ultimately independence from their children through their words and deeds.
●Love
〇Show your kids that you love them and that you will always love them, even windy have disobeyed, enraged, frustrated, or rebelled against you.
Laws for Children
“The Child and Youth Welfare Code”
(Presidential Decree No. 603)
“Barangay level total Development and Protection of Children Act” (Republic Act No. 6972) “Special Protection for Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act”
(Republic Act No. 7610)
“An Act Prohibiting the Employment of children below 15 years of age in Public or Private
Undertakings”
(Republic Act 7658)
“The Inter-Country Adoption Act was enacted in 1995”
(Republic Act 8043)
“Youth in Nation-Building Act”
(Republic Act 8044)
(Executive Order 340)
“The Domestic Adoption Act of 1998”
(Republic Act 8552)
“The Early Childhood Care and Development Act”
(Republic Act 8980)
“The Special”
(Republic Act 9231)
“Family Code of the Philippines”
(Republic Act 9255)
“Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006”
(Republic Act 9344)
Topic 3:
Youth
Contents
1.Definition
2.Current situations & Issues
3.Needs
4.Laws for Youth
5.Youth organizations in the philippines
Youth
●Youth is best understood as a period of transition from the dependence of childhood to adulthood independence. The period between childhood and maturity.
●The United Nations defines YOUTH as those persons between the age of 5 and 24 years, without prejudice to other definitions by the member states.
Current Situations and Issues
Teenage Pregnancy
Teenage pregnancy is when a woman under 20 gets pregnant. It usually refers to Teens between the ages of 15-19. But it can include girls as young as 10. It’s also called teen pregnancy or adolescent pregnancy.
Social Media Addiction
Social media addiction is a behavioral addiction that is defined by being overly concerned about social media, driven by an uncontrollable urge to log on or use social media, and devoting so much time and effort to social media that impairs other important life areas.
Drug and Alcohol Abuse
The use of illegal drugs or the use of prescription or over-the-counter drugs for purposes other than those for which they are meant to be used, or in excessive amounts.
Alcohol abuse, also called alcohol misuse, is a serious problem. It is a pattern of drinking too much alcohol too often.
Bullying
Bullying is an ongoing and deliberate misuse of power in relationships through repeated verbal, physical and/or social behavior that intends to cause physical, social and/or psychological harm. It can involve an individual or a group misusing their power, or perceived power, over one or more persons who feel unable to stop it from happening.
Juvenile Delinquency
Juvenile delinquency refers to antisocial or criminal activity of the child below 18 years of age, which violates the law (juvenile justice act 2000). Some of these offenses or Felonise may include sexual crimes, homocide, violent crimes and drug and poverty violations.
Mental Health
Mental illness, also called mental health disorder, refers to a wide range of mental health conditions — disorders that affect your mood, thinking, and behavior. The most common mental illnesses in adolescents are anxiety, mood, attention and behavior disorders. Suicide is the second leading cause of death in young people age 15-24 years.
Family Problems
Because of the family problem that the YOUTH is experiencing, some children and adolescents may act out by showing increased aggression, defiance, and behavioral problems.
Academic Pressure
Academic stress involves mental distress regarding anticipated academic challenges or failure or even the fear of possibility of academic failure.
Youth Organizations in the Philippines
●National Youth Commission
●Sangguniang Kabataan
Laws for Youth
“ Youth in Nation Building Act”
(Republic Act 8044)
To plan, implement, and oversee a nation integrated youth promotion and development program.
“ Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act”
(Republic Act 9344)
An act establishing a comprehensive juvenile justice and welfare system, creating the juvenile justice and will fill counsel under the department of justice, appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes.
“ Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act”
(Republic Act 7610)
An act provideing for stronger deterrence and special protection against child abuse, exploitation, and discrimination, and for other purposes.
“ Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004”
(Republic Act 9262)
An act defining violence against women and their children, providing for protective measures for victims, prescribing penalties therefore, and for other purposes.
“ Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1998”
(Republic Act 6655)
An act establishing and providing for a free public secondary education and for other purposes.
“The Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972”
(Republic Act 6425)
Topic 4:
Elderly
Contents
1.Definition
2.Current situation (Locally & Internationally)
3.Issues (Locally & Internationally)
4.Needs (Locally & Internationally)
5.Laws for elderly
Elderly
●Is a person who is old aged
●UNITED NATIONS defines elderly as a person over the age of 60 years
●In the Philippines we define elderly people as senior citizens
●The elder people in the Philippines are called “senior citizens,” as defined in the Republic Act No. 7432 as any resident citizen of this country with at least 60 years of age.
●According to the Philippine news agency in 2020, Filipinos 60 years of age and older comprised 8.5% of the population or 9.2 million.
Current Situations (Locally)
●Older Filipinos have low Income and assets
●Loss of financial independence
●Diminished physical ability
●Age discrimination and abuse ● Scarcity of food and medicine
●The government has not offered enough assistance
Issues Physically, Mentally, and Health (Locally)
●Depression
●Falling
●Age discrimination
●Poverty
●Dementia
●Chronic condition
●Osteoporosis
●Alzheimer’s disease
●Psychological abuse
●Malnutrition
●The pandemic
Needs (Locally)
●Healthcare
●Housing
●Income security
●Social services
Current Situations (Internationally)
●Covid-19 disproportionately affected the elder population
●Highest mortality rate in older people with co-morbidities and with functional decline ● Exposed the fragility of health systems
Issues (Internationally)
1.Financial stability
a.In 1960, almost 35% of the elderly existed on poverty-level incomes. The nation's oldest population had the highest risk of living in poverty
2.Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Bereavement
a.Seniors already tend to have fewer opportunities for social engagement than younger age groups. The major concern, exacerbating the feeling of isolation, depression, and sadness.
3.Ageism
a.When ageism is reflected in the workplace, in healthcare, and in assisted-living facilities, the effects of discrimination can be more severe.
b.Ageism can make older people fear losing a job, feel dismissed by a doctor, or feel a lack of power and control in their daily living situation
Needs (Internationally)
1.Elderly should have access to adequate food, shelter water, clothing, and healthcare through the provision of income, family and community support and self-help.
2.Elderly should have the opportunity to work or to have access to other income-generating opportunities.
3.Elderly should be able to participate in determining when and at what pace withdrawal from the labor force takes place.
4.Elderly should have access to appropriate educational and training programmes.
5.Elderly should be able to live in environments that are safe and adaptable to personal preferences and changing capacities.
6.Elderly should be able to reside at home for as long as possible.
7.Elderly should remain integrated into society, participate actively in the formulation and implementation of policies that directly affect their well-being and share their knowledge and skills with younger generations.
8.Elderly should be able to seek and develop opportunities for service to the community and to serve as volunteers in positions appropriate to their interest and capabilities.
9.Elderly should be able to form movements or associations of older persons.
10.Elders should benefit from family and community care and protection in accordance with each society’s system of cultural values.
11.Elderly should have access to healthcare to help them to maintain or gain the optimal level of physical, mental and emotional well-being and to prevent or delay the onset of illnesses.
12.Elderly should have access to social and legal services to enhance their autonomy, protection and care.
13.Elderly should be able to utilize appropriate levels of institutional care providing protection, we have a little Tatian and social and mental stimulation in a humane and secure environment.
14.Elderly should be able to enjoy human rights and fundamental freedoms when residing in any shelter, care for treatment facility, including full respect for their dignity, beliefs, needs and privacy and for the right to make decisions about their care and the quality of their lives.
15.Elderly should be able to pursue opportunities for the full development of their potential.
16.Elderly should have access to the educational, cultural, spiritual and recreational resources of society.
17.Elderly should be able to live in dignity and security and be free from exploitation and physical or mental abuse.
18.Elderly should be treated fairly regardless of age, gender, racial or ethnic background, disability or other status, and be valued independently of their economic contribution.
Laws for Elderly
“ Senior Citizens Act of 1991”
(Republic Act 7432)
An act to maximize the contribution of senior citizens to nation building, brand benefits and special privileges and for other purposes
“ Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2003”
(Republic Act 9257)
Expands the coverage of the benefits and privileges for senior citizens by making it mandatory for business establishments to grants 20% discount on goods and services
“ Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010”
(Republic Act 9994)
An act granting additional benefits and privileges to senior citizens , further amending republic act no. 7432, as amended, otherwise known as "An act to maximize the contribution senior
citizens in nation building, Grant benefits and special privileges and for other purposes"
“ Centenarians Acts of 2016”
(Republic Act 10868)
An act honoring and granting additional benefits and privileges to Filipino centenarians, and for other purposes
Topic 5:
Peasants
Contents:
1.Definition
2.Current situations
3.Issues
4.Needs
5.Laws for peasants
6.Peasant Movements
Peasants
●A poor farmer of low social status who’s paying rent, taxes, fees, or other services to a landlord as an agricultural laborer
●A person who owns or rents a small piece of land and grows crops and keeps animals on it, especially one who has a low income, very little education, and a low social position.
Peasants Problems
●High cost of inputs
●Low price of palay
●Lack of finance
●Lack of capital
●Labor Problems
●Lack of postharvest facilities
●Irrigation system
●Ageing farmers
●Land Tenure
●Violence against land-rights claimants
●Technology utilization
●Persecution of Workers
Needs of Peasants
●Land
〇Their own portion of land to produce a sustainable harvest for their family and for the country.
●Equipments
〇Provided with four-wheel tractors to aid contour farming in rolling to rains and a gold chain facility.
●Peasants Rights
〇The right to life, physical and mental integrity, liberty and security of a person.
●Government Aid
〇Government and other agencies can put a little investment in improving the methods of farming.
Laws for Peasants
“ Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988”
(Republic Act 6657)
An act instituting a comprehensive agrarian reform program to promote social justice and industrialization, providing the mechanism for its implementation, and for other purposes.
“ Agricultural Land Reform Code”
(Republic Act 3844)
An act to ordain the agricultural land reform code and to institute land reforms in the Philippines, including the abolition of tenancy and the channeling of capital into industry, provide for the
necessary implementing agencies, appropriate funds therefore and for other purposes.
“ Magna Carta of Small Farmers”
(Republic Act 7607)
Provides that importation I shall not be allowed on agricultural products that are produced locally insufficient quantity.
(Republic Act 11203)
An act liberalizing the importation, exportation, and trading of rice, lifting for the purpose the quantitative import restrictions on rice and for other purposes.
Peasants Movements
La Via Campensina
An international presents movement which coordinates peasants organization of small and middle school producers, I’m gonna cultural workers, rural women, and indigenous communities from Asia, Africa, America, and Europe
Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas
A democratic and militant movement of landless peasants, small farmers, farmworkers, rural you and peasant women
Rural Missionaries of the Philippines
A church-based national organization, compressing priests and lay persons. The group empowers farmers, fisherfolk and indigenous peoples, and educates them on their rights.
Topic 6:
Workers or Laborers
Contents:
1.Current status
2.Needs and Issues
3.Labor Laws
“ Labor problems as viewed in Philippines social realities reveal a chain of causes and effects that are inextricably linked by economic, political and cultural factors. Only a comprehensive analysis of these problems can equip workers with the tools for mastering them. Thus the need to understand the structural, Storico, and moral dimensions of labor problems.”
Needs and Issues
Inhumane Treatment
Inhumane practices of employers include failure to implement wages and compensation as prescribed by law, sexual harassment, physical abuses, illegal dismissals, and other problems emanating from poor working conditions.
Absence of Job Security
Two conditions underscore the absence of job security in the Philippines workforce. First is the escalating number of unemployed workers who command cheap wages for limited and small number of employment opportunities. Second is the advent of automation that displaced and replaced many workers because employers choose speed and accuracy in production rather than the creative efforts that shall flourish once labor is relieved from the drudgeries of work.
Low Wages
The wage rate in the Philippines is way behind those other countries; in the United States, the wage rate is 17 times more than the wage rate in the Philippines; in developed countries, 10 times more; and in less developed countries, four times more.
Poor Working
In adequate physical facilities and occupational safety measures exposed to hazardous chemicals, unreasonable work schedule, and just compensation, in adequate leave benefits, Limited, if not absence of opportunity for personal and professional growth, and unstable employment status these are but a few of the unjust working conditions that burden Filipino workers.
Underemployment
Thousands of workers take jobs that neither utilize nor enhance their skills and academic training. College degree holders performing functions that used to be reserved for janitors, clerks, messengers, drivers, even domestic helpers are not an uncommon sight nowadays.
Discrimination
With respect to sex, age, beliefs, and race still exist in the areas of hiring, promotion and compensation. The rate of unemployment of women is higher than of men. Some deprived women of equal opportunities for career advancement. Age consideration is another discriminating factor.
Labor Laws and Social Legislation
“Labor code of the Philippines”
(PD 442)
“ Increasing Minimum Wage of House Helpers”
(Republic Act 7655)
“ Migrant Workers Benefits and Incentives Act of 1995”
(Republic Act 8042)
“ Strengthening the Social Security System Thereby Amending”
(Republic Act 8282)
“ Increasing the Coverage and Benefits of the GSIS”
(Republic Act 8291)
“ Anti-Sexual Harassment Act”
(Republic Act 7877)
“Improving the Standard of Protection and Promotion of the Welfare of the Migrant Workers…”
(Republic Act 10022)



TOPIC 7: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
-The Philippines is a culturally diverse country with an estimated 14-17 million Indigenous People (IP’s) belonging to 110 ethno-linguistic groups. They are mainly concentrated in Northern Luzon (Cordillera Administrative Region, 33%) and Mindanao (61%), with some groups in the Visayas area. – (ILO)
-Indigenous people are distinct social and cultural groups that share collective ancestral ties to the lands and natural resources where they live, occupy or from which they have been displaced.
-There are an estimated 476 million indigenous people worldwide.
-Indigenous peoples life expectancy is up to 20 years lower than the life expectancy of non-indigenous people worldwide.

ISSUES AND NEEDS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE:

Legislation affecting Indigenous People.
-The Build Build Build program. There are over 100 Build Build Build projects many of which are to be constructed on Indigenous People’s territory or Ancestral Domain.

Attack on Indigenous People
-The issuance of Executive Order No. 70 or the NTF-ELCAC. In the process of combating terrorism in the country, NTF-ELCAC is actively labelling IP’s organizations and non-government organizations as the legal fronts of CPP-NPA.

Comprehensive discredit and delegitimize Indigenous organizations
- government is targeting Indigenous Peoples’ organizations using a combination of various strategies through the judicial, legislative and executive branches.

Criminalization, trumped up charges and killing
- Act No. 10,591, or the Comprehensive Firearms and Ammunition Regulation Act, has been used to falsely accuse, criminalize, arrest and detain Indigenous People with no distinction being made between combatants and civilians.

Continuing development aggression
-Mining operations and other aggressive development projects were continuing in Indigenous territories even during the community quarantine.


PROGRAMS AND POLICIES THAT PROTECTS INDIGENOUS PEOPLE:

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8371

AN ACT TO RECOGNIZE, PROTECT AND PROMOTE THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS CULTURAL COMMUNITIES/INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, CREATING A NATIONAL COMMISSION ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, ESTABLISHING IMPLEMENTING MECHANISMS, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Approved on October 29, 1997
Also known as The Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997”.
Consists of XIII (13) chapters and 82 Sections which shows or upholds the rights of Indigenous People, and their Duties and Responsibilities.
The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997 or Republic Act No. 8371 provides for the primacy of customary laws and practices in resolving disputes. Section 65 of IPRA provides that ,when disputes involve ICCs/IP’s, customary laws and practices shall be used to resolve the dispute.

PROGRAMS FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLE:
Ancestral Domain/Land recognition.
-Through the Indigenous Peoples Rights
Act (IPRA), Certificate of Ancestral Domain Titles(CADTs) are issued to formally recognize the rights of possession and ownership of Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples (ICCs/IP’s) over their ancestral domains.

Assistance to Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan(ADSDPP) Formulation
-Provision of technical and/or financial assistance to the Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples (ICCs/Ips) in the formulation of their Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan (ADSDPP).

Culturally Appropriate Responsive and Gender-Sensitive Socio-Economic And Ecology Development Protection Services
-The program provides for policy support andEx f assistance to ICCs/IP’s through funding under the MOOE of the Commission apart from coordination with pertinent government agencies especially charged with the implementation of various socio-economic services, policies, and programs affecting the ICCs/IP’s to ensure that the ICCs/IP’s are directly benefited.

IP Education and Advocacy Services
-The Educational Assistance Program. It is the program that aims to provide
Limited financial assistance to qualified ICCs/IP’s students/pupils based on the criteria set forth in NCIP Administrative Order No. 5, series of 2012, otherwise known as NCIP Guidelines of 2012 on the Merit-Based Scholarship (NCIP-MBS) and Educational Assistance (NCIP-EA) and its amendments by virtue of Commission En Banc Resolution No. 06-099-2014, series of 2014.

IP CULTURE SERVICES
-Considered as a mechanism Of assisting the cultural communities preserve their cultural and historical heritage and at the same time evoking public awareness and respect for the IP’s and their rights, is the extension of support to them in the practice of their rituals and ceremonies whenever these are necessary held.

IP Health Services
Republic Act No. 8371 known as The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997 declares that the State shall recognize and promote all the rights of Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples (ICCs/IPs) to governments basic services health included.

Gender and Rights-based Services
Covers strategic efforts to protect the Rights of the Indigenous Peoples to self-governance and self-determination ensuring that, but not limited to the following:

-The socio-political structures, systems and institutions of ICCs/IP’s are strengthened;
-The Indigenous structures, systems and institutions are not supplanted by other forms of non-indigenous governance; and/or
- established mechanisms that allow the interfacing of Indigenous systems of governance with the national systems are established; and
- ICC/IP representation in policy and decision-making bodies are institutionalized.

IP Rights Advocacy and Monitoring of Treaty Obligations
The IP Human Rights Program, with full
Participation and consultation with ICCs/IP’s,
Aims to contribute to the organizational outcome
Of the Commission.
To ICCs/IP’s, human rights is the respect
Of their collectiveness as groups of peoples and at the same time, recognizing their rights as citizens of a bigger society of the Philippine Republic. Their rights are human rights too.

Legal Services

There are three components of the Legal Services. These are:
-Indigenous Peoples Legal Assistance (IPLA)
The IPRA mandates the NCIP to protect and promote the interest and well-being of the ICCs/IP’s with due regard to their beliefs, customs, traditions and institutions.

-Paralegal Training
The National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP), through its lawyers and legal officers, renders legal assistance to IP clients as part of the general mandate of the Office to recognize, protect and promote the rights of our ICCs/IPs

-Documentation of Customary Laws
The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997 or Republic Act No. 8371 provides for the primacy of customary laws and practices in resolving disputes. Section 65 of IPRA provides that ,when disputes involve ICCs/IP’s customary laws and practices shall be used to resolve the dispute.

Adjudication Services
The IPRA mandates the NCIP, acting through its Regional Hearing Offices (RHOs) and the Commission En Banc (CEB) and in the exercise of its quasi-judicial powers, to resolve all claims and disputes involving rights of ICCs/IP’s, subject to the provisions of the IPRA and its implementing Rules, and other regulations, as well as, pertinent jurisprudence.


TOPIC 8: PWD’s

Persons with disabilities (PWDs), according the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities, it includes those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others.

According to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF), there are three areas that comprise the term ‘disability’. These are impairment, activity limitation, and participation restriction. An impairment is a problem a person encounters with his or her physical or mental function. An activity limitation is a struggle a person goes through in performing a particular activity.

PWD’S INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING:

Psychosocial disability
-A psychosocial disability pertains to any psychological or social condition that limits a person’s ability to effectively interact with others. People with this disability look fine from the outside but have a tendency to display anti-social behavior.

Disability due to chronic illness
-Disability caused by chronic illness is a disability that results from complications brought about by the worsening of a chronic medical condition. For example, a person living with diabetes may suffer from complications such as diabetic retinopathy and sepsis due to the inability of his or her body to process sugar. Diabetic retinopathy can cause one to go blind, while sepsis can force one to have his or her limbs removed or experience heart problems, which could result in a stroke.

Learning disability
-A learning disability is a disability that makes it difficult for a person to focus, comprehend, and retain information. It is usually detected and diagnosed during a person’s time in school.

Mental disability
-A mental disability is a mental illness-triggered disability. People with Down syndrome, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and schizophrenia belong to this disability bracket.

Visual disability
-Unlike other disabilities, a visual disability is considered a disability only when it can no longer be corrected. This means that a person who can still see clearly while wearing eyeglasses is not yet classified as visually impaired, regardless of the grade of his or her eyeglasses

Orthopedic disability
-Unlike other disabilities, a visual disability is considered a disability only when it can no longer be corrected. This means that a person who can still see clearly while wearing eyeglasses is not yet classified as visually impaired, regardless of the grade of his or her eyeglasses

Communication disability
-A communication disability is a disability with two sub-types: hearing impairment and speech and language impairment. A person is said to be hearing impaired when he or she partially or completely lose his or her hearing ability. Meanwhile, a person with a speech and language impairment has trouble articulating words.

PWD POLICIES AND PROGRAMS
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7277 (1991)
“AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE REHABILITATION, SELF-DEVELOPMENT AND SELF-RELIANCE OF DISABLED PERSONS AND THEIR INTEGRATION INTO THE MAINSTREAM OF SOCIETY AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES”
Republic Act No. 7277 otherwise known as the Magna Carta for Disabled Persons was enacted for the primary reason that persons with disabilities have the same rights as other people.

Republic act no. 10524
IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT 10524 (AN ACT EXPANDING THE POSITIONS RESERVED FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITY, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7277, AS AMENDED, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE MAGNA CARTA FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITY)
No PWD shall be denied access to opportunities for suitable employment. A qualified employee with disability shall be subject to the same terms and conditions of employment and the same compensation, privileges, benefits, fringe benefits, incentives, or allowances as an employed able-bodied person.

IRR OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9442
An Act Amending Republic Act No. 7277, Otherwise known as the Magna Carta for Persons with Disability as Amended, and For Other Purposes’ Granting Additional Privileges and Incentives and Prohibitions on Verbal, Non-Verbal Ridicule and Vilification Against Persons with Disability.


Policies & programs
The Philippine National Council on Disability Affairs (NCDA) (formerly National Council for the Welfare of Disabled Persons or NCWDP) is the national government agency mandated to formulate policies and coordinate the activities of all agencies, whether public or private, concerning disability issues and concerns.
The NCWDP is the lead agency tasked to steer the course of program development for persons with disabilities and the delivery of services to the sector.

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES:
According to Worl Health Organization and the World Bank estimate hat one billion people experience some form of disability. Of those, it is estimated that 93 to 150 million are children. According to Plan International these children are 10 times less likely to go to school than other children and when they do attend school, it is likely to be in a segregated setting. The Global Partnership for Education estimates that 90% of children with disabilities in low and lower-middle income countries do not go to school. In 2016 the UN reported that less than half of the world’s six million refugee children were in school whilst in a report on the education of Syrian refugee children, Human Rights Watch identified that refugee children with disabilities faced particular and ongoing barriers to school enrolment.
These facts and figures reflect the impact of the significant ongoing barriers to education faced by many people with disabilities, which include:
- of accessibility, both in terms of physically inaccessible school buildings and unsuitable learning materials
-Discrimination and prejudice which prevents people with disabilities from accessing education on equal terms to others
- or segregation from mainstream school settings (also referred to as ‘regular schools’)
-Inferior quality of education, including in mainstream settings where children with disabilities have been ‘integrated’ into the existing non-lusive system.