Notes

1-Methanol is widely available and has been used for decades; it is typically produced from natural gas.
2-Methanol is widely available and has been used for decades; it is typically produced from natural gas. Also, it is produced from renewable resources (Chuah et al., 2022b), such as biomass (wood) (Mohd Shamsuddin et al., 2015; Chuah et al., 2022c), non-edible oil (Munir et al., 2023) or electrolysis powered by renewable energy, by utilizing carbon capture and utilization technology
3- In this study, the environmental implications of using methanol as fuel in marine vessels were analyzed, including its production process and comparison to other fuel alternatives.
4-64.7°C boiling, flah point 11 c
5-methanol produces particularly dangerous flames due to its low-temperature burning nature.
6-This characteristic makes the early detection of methanol flames challenging until they fully spread to nearby combustible materials that burn with visible light, thereby increasing the risk of accidents
7-The analysis based on the findings concluded that methanol can burn even when mixed with water in concentrations as low as 25% This has implied that using specialized fire suppression methods, such as alcohol-resistant foams, is crucial when dealing with methanol fires. Since methanol is corrosive to some materials, choosing suitable ship fuel handling system pipes, tank coatings and fixtures is essential to help prevent issues like pipeline leaks or fuel contamination that could pose a risk to crew members, the environment and the vessel.
8-Methanol is now considered a viable fuel option as engine manufacturers have successfully developed methanol-capable engine platforms.9-
9-have argued that methanol is costlier than low-sulfur marine gas oil (MGO), making it the least desirable option under existing regulations. Another insight is that the shipping industry is always susceptible to fuel price volatility. It is necessary to implement contractual measures to limit this volatility and ensure the supply of methanol.
10-Several advanced research and development projects in the maritime industry have successfully shown that methanol engines and fuel cells are technically possible.
11- Waterfront operational methanol-powered tankers fleet. 11 ships
12-


****
Gray et al. (2021) argued that using fuels like methanol with low energy content would necessitate significant ship design changes since fuel tanks would require larger storage of sufficient energy for longer voyages.These studies indicate that methanol has the potential to decrease CO2 emissions by approximately 10% as the primary marine fuel. Gray et al. (2021) further highlighted that if produced sustainably via biomass, biogas, or renewable electricity, it may become a carbon-neutral fuel in the future.
https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85144871781&origin=inward&txGid=eccc4a08dbfc77a99b97c0e2765a8b40
-IGC and IGF codes
-hazid, hazop
-https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666790823000447?ref=pdf_download&fr=RR-9&rr=7d5a1d89eb581582#bib51