Notes

The dwelling involving importin α and also the atomic localization peptide of ChREBP, as well as small chemical substance inhibitors involving ChREBP-importin α connections.
7$λ/4.7) in air and far-field conditions. The imaging performance of the PCM objective, along with the working distance, has been systematically investigated. It hThe majority of optical lenses have spherical surface profiles because they are convenient to fabricate. Replacing spherical optics with aspheric optics leads to smaller size, lighter weight, and less complicated optical systems with a superior imaging quality. However, fabrication of aspheric lenses is expensive and time-consuming. Here, we introduce a straightforward and low-cost casting method to fabricate polymeric aspheric lenses. An elastomeric ferrogel was formed into an aspherical profile by using a designed magnetic field and then was used as a mold. Different types of aspherical profiles from parabola to hyperbola can be formed with this method by tuning the magnetic field. A home-built Shack-Hartmann sensor was employed to characterize the cast polymeric lenses. The effects of magnetic field intensity, gradient of the magnetic field, and magnetic susceptibility of the ferrogel on the lens profiles were investigated. This technique can be used for rapid-forming polymeric aspherical lenses with diffeThe far-field diffraction pattern (FFDP) of a corner cube retroreflector (CCR) determines the energy of a retroreflecting beam in some applications including laser ranging, optical communication, and satellite orbit calibration. The FFDP of an imperfect CCR is investigated analytically for the non-normal incidence of a polarized light beam. We first derive a complex amplitude of a retroreflecting beam in relation with multiple parameters including the errors of dihedral angle, flatness in a CCR, and polarization property of the CCR. Then a theoretical expression of the FFDP for a nonideal CCR is deduced as a function of multiple parameters by introducing the complex amplitude into a simplified Kirchhoff's diffraction equation. Some numerically simulated results of the FFDP are presented to give a visual illustration of the relationship between the FFDP and these parameters. Our findings suggest that a strong correlation between the FFDPs and multiple factors comprising the manufacturing errors, the polarizatiAn electro-optically (EO) $Q$Q-switched TmYAP laser with high peak power was demonstrated based on a $rm La_3rm Ga_5rm SiO_14$La3Ga5SiO14 (LGS) crystal. The EO modulator was operated in a pulse-on mode driven by a 1/4 wave voltage of 2400 V, which was the lowest voltage designed for LGS-based EO modulators at 2 µm, to the best of our knowledge. At a repetition rate of 200 Hz, a maximum single-pulse energy of 3.15 mJ was obtained with a minimum pulse duration of 17 ns, corresponding to a peak power as high as 185.3 kW.Spectral broadening due to amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in a fiber amplifier is experimentally and theoretically investigated in this paper. By measuring and analyzing the variation in linewidth and noise of the fiber amplifier, the influence of ASE on laser linewidth is studied. The analysis shows that the ASE will cause broadening of the laser linewidth as noise, and the noise is introduced as an additive term rather than a multiplicative one.We present a power-scalable high-power single-frequency continuous-wave 1342 nm master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) system that consists of a polarized single-frequency 1342 nm LD seed laser, a Raman fiber preamplifier, and a three-stage $rm Ndrm YVO_4$NdYVO4 power amplifier. The single-frequency output power of 30 W at 1342 nm is achieved with the beam quality factors $rm M^2 = 1.26$M2=1.26, and the power stability for 1 h is better than $pm ;0.5 mTOR inhibitor % $±0.5%.Rigorous solution of plane-wave scattering by a groove based on electromagnetic theory will be time-consuming if the groove width is much larger than the illumination wavelength. To accelerate the computation, an approach based on geometrical optics approximation is developed here. The incident beam is split into several parts during reflection and refraction. Contribution of every part is superposed to obtain the electric field at the interface between the groove and air, with which diffraction theory is utilized to calculate the far-field scattered light. Results demonstrate that the approach is capable of accurately calculating plane-wave scattering by rectangular grooves with large widths in a time-efficient manner, which can be beneficial for further inverse scattering problems.In this paper, the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment (ASTE) is presented. A 10-m aperture telescope hosts a camera equipped with a transition edge sensor (TES). We developed a fore-optics module-"APol," to convert the 271 pixels of the TES working at 350 GHz into a sensitive imaging polarimeter without sacrificing the image quality and the $7.5^prime$7.5' field of view. Here, we describe the detailed optical design of APol and present the results of the preliminary test in a laboratory.This publisher's note corrects an equation in Appl. Opt.59, C63 (2020).APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.378512.This publisher's note amends the author affiliations in Appl. Opt.59, D1 (2020)APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.59.0000D1.We present a simple and precise method to minimize aberrations of mirror-based, wavelength-dispersive spectrometers for the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and soft x-ray domain. The concept enables an enhanced resolving power $ E/Delta E $E/ΔE, in particular, close to the diffraction limit over a spectral band of a few percent around the design energy of the instrument. Our optical element, the "diffractive wavefront corrector" (DWC), is individually shaped to the form and figure error of the mirror profile and might be written directly with a laser on a plane and even strongly curved substrates. Theory and simulations of various configurations, like Hettrick-Underwood or compact, highly efficient all-in-one setups for $ rm TiO_2 $TiO2 spectroscopy with $ E/Delta E mathbinlower.3exhbox$buildreldisplaystyleltoversmashdisplaystylesimvphantom_x$ 4.5 times 10^4 $E/ΔE∼x less then 4.5×104, are addressed, as well as aspects of their experimental realization.A novel stacking procedure is presented for volume phase holographic gratings (VPHGs) recorded in photopolymer material using Corning Willow Glass as a flexible substrate in order to achieve broader angular and spectral selectivity in a diffractive device with high efficiency for solar and LED applications. For the first time to our knowledge, we have shown a device designed for use with a white LED that has the same input and output angles and high efficiency when illuminated by different wavelengths. In this paper, two VPHGs were designed, experimentally recorded, and tested when illuminated at normal incidence. The experimental approach is based on stacking two individual gratings in which the spatial frequency and slant have been tailored to the target wavelength and using real-time on-Bragg monitoring of the gratings in order to control the recorded refractive index modulation, thereby optimizing each grating efficiency for its design wavelength. Lamination of the two gratings together was enabled by usiWe studied laser ablation and plasma property evolution for a nickel (Ni) doped tin (Sn) oxide nanostructures target using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The transition metal Ni doped tin oxide nanostructures were synthesized by co-precipitation and hydrothermal methodologies. The size of prepared nanoparticles was verified by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy techniques. A frequency-doubled pulsed NdYAG laser with a wavelength of 532 nm was used to produce ablated plasma nanostructures. Ablation of doped and undoped nanostructures revealed salient-enhanced spectral emissions compared with their bulky counterparts. The emission lines of the constituent elements of doped material were used to find plasma parameters. The plasma temperature was estimated from a Boltzmann plot, and the electron number density was determined from the Saha-Boltzmann equation. The self-absorption effect has been observed in tiny plasma of nanostructures. The affected profiles of spectral lines of NUnderwater optical communication has been a promising technology but is severely affected by underwater turbulence due to the resulting fluctuations in the index of refraction. In this paper, a revised spatial power spectrum model is obtained that considers the refraction index to be a function of the eddy diffusivity ratio, assuming the underwater turbulence is anisotropic. The scintillation indices for both plane and spherical waves that propagate in underwater turbulence are derived based on this model. Thereafter, the performance of an optical communication system, i.e., the outage probability and bit error rate, with the associated aperture averaging effect is considered. The simulation results demonstrate that temperature-induced and salinity-induced turbulence have distinct influences on the scintillation index and consequently result in different system performances. In addition, the variation in the eddy diffusivity ratio in some intervals induces more complicated results for underwater optical commuThe plane array imaging laser radar is the product of the combination of the area array imaging optical system and the range laser radar. With extended illumination and area array detection, the target can be measured in three dimensions without mechanical scanning. In this paper, a CMOS-type built-in optical mixer is used, which is a kind of matrix depth sensor. The size of a single pixel of the sensor chip determines its maximum resolution accuracy in two-dimensional distribution measurement, which also restricts the improvement of measurement accuracy to a certain extent. In this paper, a post-processing measurement method is proposed, which expands the processed data object from a single pixel to a regional pixel, transforms the measurement of displacement into the measurement of amplitude distribution changes, and effectively utilizes the cascaded characteristics between a single pixel and pixel area. The purpose is to break through the limitation of the size of a single pixel and thus improve the measurWe propose an angular-dependent polarization-insensitive filter in the terahertz (THz) region, based on the guided-mode resonance of one-dimensional zero-contrast grating architectural design. Particle swarm optimization combined with the rigorous coupled-wave analysis method is used to design the filter and investigate the influences of the planes of incidence on the characteristics of the proposed all-dielectric THz filter. With the planes of incidence set at 0°, 30°, 45°, and 60°, the polarization-independent resonances occur at 0.458 THz, 0.459 THz, 0.461 THz, and 0.465 THz under oblique incidences of 9.3°, 10.8°, 13.3°, and 19.2°, respectively, which means the oblique incident angle of the polarization-independent THz filter increases with the rotation of the planes of incidence from classic mounting to fully conical mounting. In addition, for the fully conical mounting case, the resonance has high angular stability and is no longer split, compared with classic incidence; meanwhile, there is only a tiny The warm white homojunction light-emitting diode (LED) was fabricated by a doped ZnO nanowire array homojunction with homo-epitaxial secondary grown on a GaN substrate by the chemical vapor deposition method. Due to the high quality of the nanosized ZnO homojunction, the I-V characteristic curve of the ZnO homojunction shows good pn junction rectification characteristics, and the turn-on voltage is about 6 V. Under forward bias, bright yellow light was emitting from the homojunction LED. From the electroluminescence spectrum, the main luminescence peak is divided into a small part of blue light of about 420 nm and dominated yellow-green light of about 570 nm. The CIE color space chromaticity survey shows that the chromaticity coordinates of the homojunction LED are at (0.3358, 0.3341), which indicate that fabricated white LEDs have potential applications in efficient and healthy lighting and displaying fields.Beam-steering devices such as optical phased arrays (OPAs) are key components in the applications of solid-state Lidar and wireless communication. The traditional single-layer OPA results in a significant energy loss due to substrate leakage caused by the downward coupling from the grating coupler structure. In this work, we have investigated a structure based on a multi-layer $rm Si_3rm N_4/rm SiO_2$Si3N4/SiO2 platform that can form a 3D OPA to emit light from the edge of the device with high efficiency; a 2D converged out-coupling beam will be end-fired to the air. High efficiency and wide horizontal beam steering are demonstrated numerically, and the influence of vertical crosstalk, delay length, and number of waveguide layers are discussed, as well as the fabrication feasibility.Complex interactions between roots and soil provide the nutrients and physical support required for robust plant growth. Yet, visualizing the root-soil interface is challenged by soil's opaque scattering characteristics. Herein, we describe methods for using optical coherence tomography (OCT) to provide non-destructive 3D and cross-sectional root imaging not available with traditional bright-field microscopy. OCT is regularly used for bioimaging, especially in ophthalmology, where it can detect retinal abnormalities. Prior use of OCT in plant biology has focused on surface defects of above-ground tissues, predominantly in food crops. Our results show OCT is also viable for detailed, in situ study of living plant roots. Using OCT for direct observations of root growth in soil can help elucidate key interactions between root morphology and various components of the soil environment including soil structure, microbial communities, and nutrient patches. Better understanding of these interactions can guide effortsIn this work, the effect of the polar groups modified polyimide fiber Bragg grating relative humidity sensor was studied. Polyimide films containing different polar groups were deposited on fiber Bragg gratings by an impregnating method to form different relative humidity (RH) sensors. The experimental results show that the addition of a carboxyl group and a hydroxyl group in the synthesis could improve the humidity sensitivity (2.28 and 1.59 times, respectively) from 35% RH-95% RH. The sensor based on modified polyimide still has good linear response to humidity and temperature. In addition, the sensors containing a carboxyl group and a hydroxyl group can shorten the response time of the humidity sensor and improve the stability of the sensor at the same time.LIDAR sensors are one of the key enabling technologies for the wide acceptance of autonomous driving implementations. Target identification is a requisite in image processing, informing decision making in complex scenarios. The polarization from the backscattered signal provides an unambiguous signature for common metallic car paints and can serve as one-point measurement for target classification. This provides additional redundant information for sensor fusion and greatly alleviates hardware requirements for intensive morphological image processing. Industry decision makers should consider polarization-coded LIDAR implementations. Governmental policy makers should consider maximizing the potential for polarization-coded material classification by enforcing appropriate regulatory legislation. Both initiatives will contribute to faster (safer, cheaper, and more widely available) advanced driver-assistance systems and autonomous functions. Polarization-coded material classification in automotive applications sDue to the limited processing accuracy of the platform and unevenness of the glass substrate itself, a holographic lithography system is prone to out-of-focus imaging problems; therefore, the real-time focusing components are critical for holographic lithography systems. In this paper, a real-time focus monitoring and adjusting system using an electrically tunable lens (ETL) for large-area lithography is introduced. Combined with the ETL, the limited depth of field of the microscopic objective has been effectively expanded, and the automatic focusing evaluation and adjustment are achieved. The development, including simulation using Zemax, optics system design and implementation, experiments, and evaluation are demonstrated in this paper. The results show that the out-of-focus problem in our large-area holographic lithography system has been significantly alleviated.With the development of high-power lasers for aerospace, electronics, etc., the demand for large-aperture planar optical elements has become more urgent, along with the demand for measurement methods. In this paper, the design of a 300 mm aperture vertical Fizeau spatial-temporal phase-shifting interferometer is discussed. Based on position difference between laser sources, the spatial phase-shifting technique is achieved by generating a laser source array on the focal plane of the collimation lens, and four pairs of coherent beams with different phase shifts are integrated in a vertical Fizeau interference system. Combined with a tunable laser diode, a temporal phase-shifting technique can be realized in any pair of coherent beams through wavelength tuning. The key techniques, which include laser duplication to introduce different phase shifts, conjugate imaging, and separation for interferograms, and assembly for a transmission flat, are demonstrated. The systematic error and position mismatch error of inteThis paper reports beam wave intensity fluctuations in uplink (ground-to-satellite) laser beam transmission caused by atmospheric turbulence. Intensity fluctuation in the strong region was apparently induced by uplink measurement in previous experiments. Statistical values of the uplink fluctuation were estimated by numerical calculation using moment equation analysis with thin phase screen approximation. The beam profile of the uplink, the scintillation index, and the covariance of the uplink intensity fluctuation were calculated using models of the refractive index structure constant. The generation of strong intensity variation was explained as the result of a speckle pattern on the receiving plane at the satellite produced by atmospheric turbulence when scanned along with trajectory of the satellite.We designed and simulated a diode laser with output power of more than 10 kW and a line shape beam spot of approximately $14 - 58;rm mm times 1.6;rm mm$14-58mm×1.6mm ($rm 1/e^2$1/e2 width). The diode laser was assembled with high fill factor diode laser bars that can be cooled with filtered tap water. The diode laser bar was beam shaped with a tilted cylindrical lens array to twist the slow axis of individual emitters by 90 deg, and then the slow axis was collimated with a single cylindrical lens. From the simulation, 20 laser diode bars with the same wavelength formed a diode laser optical stack with an output power of more than 3.5 kW, a beam spot of $31;rm mm times 12;rm mm$31mm×12mm size, and full divergence angles of around 6 mrad in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Then, three laser diode optical stacks with different wavelengths were wavelength-multiplexed to obtain an output power of more than 10 kW. Finally, the diode laser optical stack was transformed by sWe present a graphene-based optical leaky wave antenna (OLWA) with diamond-shaped perturbations. The leaky wave antenna is created by applying diamond-shaped graphene perturbations to a Si3N4 waveguide. The leaky wave behavior is observed by changing the graphene chemical potential. Results in the form of leakage power, normalized directivity, and reflectance, transmittance, leakage power, normalized directivity, and normalized E-field are presented. The half power beamwidth (HPBW) of 1.2° is achieved by this antenna. The reflectance and transmittance are in a very low wavelength range between 1.4 and 1.6 µm throughout. The leakage of power is more for the lower graphene chemical potential. The graphene-based design is also compared to a gold-based design and silicon-based design to show the leakage comparison. The designed graphene-based OLWA can be used in medical sensing devices.Thermal-induced errors have a significant impact on the environmental adaptability of a fiber optic gyroscope (FOG). Reasonable winding methods can reduce and offset the thermal-induced errors. However, complex methods put higher requirements on winding accuracy. By adding additional winding layers on the outer surface of the fiber coil, an improved winding method to reduce the temperature error of FOG is proposed in this paper. Simulations in temperature-control conditions and time-varying temperature conditions are performed. Simulation and experimental results show that additional winding layers lead to a satisfactory reduction of thermal-induced rate errors. With parameter estimation and error compensation, thermal-induced errors can be further reduced.In this paper, we introduce a cryogen-adaptive sensor based on a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) for level measurement of cryogenic fluids. The sensor is fabricated by an optical fiber inserted in a glass ferrule and an integrated Fabry-Perot (FP) chip using the MEMS technique. We carried a liquid nitrogen level measurement experiment to verify the performance of the sensor and a low coherent interference system is used to transform the liquid level to absolute phase. The measuring range is 24 cm and can be expanded more widely. The experimental results show that the sensor has a good monotonic linear response (coefficient determination $rm R^2 gt 0.998$R2>0.998), and the measurement error is less than $ pm 5;rm mm$±5mm in liquid nitrogen. The excellent cryogenic temperature performance from $ - 260^circ rm C$-260∘C to $ - 100^circ rm C$-100∘C also is demonstrated, which shows the potential application in level measurement of various cryogenic liquids.Optical tweezers are constantly evolving micromanipulation tools that can provide piconewton force measurement accuracy and greatly promote the development of bioscience at the single-molecule scale. Consequently, there is an urgent need to characterize the force field generated by optical tweezers in an accurate, cost-effective, and rapid manner. Thus, in this study, we conducted a deep survey of optically trapped particle dynamics and found that merely quantifying the response amplitude and phase delay of particle displacement under a sine input stimulus can yield sufficiently accurate force measurements. In addition, Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem suggests that the entire recovery of the accessible particle sinusoidal response is possible, provided that the sampling theorem is satisfied, thereby eliminating the requirement for high-bandwidth (typically greater than 10 kHz) detectors. Based on this principle, we designed optical trapping experiments by loading a sinusoidal signal into the optical tweezersA method that significantly increases the detection efficiency of filter array-based spectral sensors is proposed. The basic concept involves a wavelength-dependent redistribution of incident light before it reaches the filter elements located in front of the detector. Due to this redistribution, each filter element of the array receives a spatially concentrated amount of a pre-selected and adjusted spectral partition of the entire incident light. This approach can be employed to significantly reduce the reflection and absorption losses of each filter element. The proof-of-concept is demonstrated by a setup that combines a series of consecutively arranged dichroic filters with Fabry-Perot filter arrays. Experimentally, an efficiency increase by a factor larger than 4 compared to a reference system is demonstrated. The optical system is a non-imaging spectrometer, which combines the efficiency enhancement module with the filter arrays, is compact (17.5mm×17.5mm×7.8mm), and integrated completely inside the CCD A systematic method is proposed to synthesize a nano-antenna based on theoretical principles. This nano-antenna, which is composed of a set of small dielectric spheres, is designed to have a desired far-field radiation pattern and polarization. The basis of the proposed method is expanding all electromagnetic waves into the series of vector spherical wave functions. First, the forward problem of calculation of scattering from single and multiple spheres is studied. For cases with more than one sphere, a multiple scattering method is implemented to calculate total scattering. Near-field and far-field waves, absorption, extinction, and differential scattering cross sections are calculated for a single sphere with different sizes and permittivities. Moreover, far-field waves for linear arrays of small spheres are analyzed. All results are validated using an electromagnetic simulation software. Next, the problem of inverse scattering begins by considering a three-dimensional arbitrary pattern and polarization. ThWe propose an asymmetric optical image cryptosystem based on biometric keys and singular value decomposition (SVD) in the Fresnel transform domain. In the proposed cryptosystem, the biometric keys are palmprint phase mask generated by a palmprint, a chaotic phase mask, and an amplitude truncated Fourier transform, which can provide the cryptosystem with more data security due to the uniqueness of the palmprint. Two images are first encoded into a complex function, which then is modulated by the palmprint phase mask. A Fresnel transform and then an SVD operation are performed on the modulated result. The SVD operation is used to generate private secret keys, which makes the encryption secret keys and decryption secret keys different, and thus the encryption process and decryption process are different. In addition, multiple images are encrypted into a real-valued ciphertext, making it convenient to transport and record. Numerical simulation results have demonstrated that our proposed encryption system has robuA single-photon-counting mid-infrared LIDAR is presented. 2.4 µm mid-infrared photons were up-converted to 737 nm by intra-cavity mixing in a periodically poled rubidium-doped KTiOPO4 crystal inside a NdYVO4 laser. The up-converted photons were detected by a Si single-photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD). A temporal resolution of 42 ps and a dark count rate of 500 Hz were achieved, limited by the SPAD and ambient light leakage. It allowed for detection of two targets separated by only a few millimeters. This technique is easily extendable to longer wavelengths, limited primarily by the nonlinear crystal transparency.Laser engraving technology is a type of laser processing technology, widely used for product coding, marking, and so on. A large amount of research has reported the results of metal surface engraving; however, few research results, to the best of our knowledge, have provided theoretical support for the application of paper packaging laser engraving. In this paper, the quality of paper laser engraving is investigated by experimental methods. First, various phenomena appearing in paper carving were studied, including plant fiber burning, charcoal, and edge marks; second, the main factors affecting the quality of laser engraving are researched, and the influence of laser intensity and the preset width of carving marks on the engraving quality are discussed. The results show that the engraving precision is the best when the laser power is 11 W and the preset width is small (0.26 mm). Finally, the laser engraving precision of UV coated paper is studied, and the effect of UV material melting and secondary crystalliIn this paper, an ultracompact all-optical encoder based on a photonic crystal nanoresonator was designed. The proposed structure consists of several waveguides and two nanoresonators. The nanoresonators were designed by reducing the radius of the dielectric rods. To analyze the all-optical encoder, plane-wave expansion and finite-difference time-domain methods were, respectively, applied to calculate the bandgap diagram and to obtain the transmission and propagation of optical field. The contrast ratio, delay time, data transfer speed, and total footprint of the logic gate equaled 9.51 dB, 0.24 ps, 4.16 Tb/s, and $148;unicodex00B5 rm m^2$148µm2, respectively. In addition to these parameters, two new parameters were investigated the range of optical power required, and the frequency range for better logic gate efficiency. Due to the ultracompacted size, low power consumption, low delay time, and simplicity of structure, this all-optical encoder is suitable for use in low-power optical integrated ciIn this study, we compare the ray-tracing method with the look-up table (LUT) method in order to optimize computer-generated hologram (CGH) calculation based on the wavefront recording plane (WRP) method. The speed of the WRP-based CGH calculation largely depends on implementation factors, such as calculation methods, hardware, and parallelization method. Therefore, we evaluated the calculation time and image quality of the reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) image by using the ray-tracing and LUT methods in the central processing unit (CPU) and graphics processing unit (GPU) implementations. Thereafter, we performed several implementations by changing the number of object points and the distance from 3D objects to the WRP. Furthermore, we confirmed different characteristics between CPU and GPU implementations.The geometrical phase analysis (GPA) method, which is an efficient and powerful noncontact method to obtain the strain field, has already been widely applied in deformation measurement in micro- and nano-scale. It is easy to get the strain field accurately; however, the displacement field is unreliable in some cases. Therefore, a subpixel displacement match method hereby is applied in the GPA method for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, to overcome this defect. The presented algorithm's limit error of 0.01 pixel under ideal conditions can match two corresponding local areas in reference and deformation image, and, thus, the displacement with subpixel precision of this point can be established. Owing to the continuity of the displacement field, the displacements of other points can be obtained subsequently. The error that is associated with the existing method will be dealt with in detail and verified by simulation further. Combined with simulation, the performance of the presented method is demonstrated; furthermore, the noise introduced by the imaging system is taken into consideration.
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