Notes

The latter ASC response was associated with higher frequencies of ASC precursors in primed tonsils
Furthermore, vitamin b2 function i.n. immunizations induced only modest ASC responses in PT, although such immunizations evoked high ASC responses in adenoids. However, both i.t. and i.

n. routes of immunization induced specific peripheral blood ASC responses, suggesting that a fraction of B cells activated in tonsils or in nasal mucosa may enter the circulation and disseminate to distant organs. These blood ASC responses preceded increases in both IgA and IgG antibody titers in nasal washes and serum samples. However, vaccine-specific ASC were not detected in duodenal cell suspensions from volunteers who had received i.t. or i.n.

immunizations. Collectively, these results indicate that tonsils can serve as expression sites of locally induced antibody responses and support the development of immunological memory. Furthermore, tonsils may serve as powerful inductive sites for immune responses expressed in the upper aerodigestive tract.transplacental antibody transfer: a prospective cohort study.maternal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination on transplacental transfer and neonatal levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. METHODS: Maternal and cord blood sera were collected following term delivery after antenatal SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination, with the first vaccine dose administered between 27 and 36 weeks of gestation. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) and receptor-binding domain (RBD) -specific, IgG levels and neutralizing potency were evaluated in maternal and cord blood samples.

RESULTS: The study cohort consisted of 171 parturients-median age 31 years (interquartile range (IQR) 27-35 years); median gestational age 39(+5) weeks (IQR 38(+5)-40(+4) weeks)-83 (48.5%) were immunized in early thrird-trimester (first dose at 27-31 weeks) and 88 (51.5%) were immunized in late third trimester (first dose at 32-36 weeks). All mother-infant paired sera were positive for anti S- and anti-RBD-specific IgG. Anti-RBD-specific IgG concentrations in neonatal sera were higher following early versus late third-trimester vaccination (median 9620 AU/mL (IQR 5131-15332 AU/mL) versus 6697 AU/mL (IQR 3157-14731 AU/mL), p 0.02), and were positively correlated with increasing time since vaccination (r = 0.26; p 0.

001). Median antibody placental transfer ratios were increased following early versus late third-trimester immunization (anti-S ratio: 1.3 (IQR 1.1-1.6) versus 0.9 (IQR 0.6-1.

1); anti-RBD-specific ratio: 2.3 (IQR 1.7-3.0) versus 0.7 (IQR 0.5-1.2), p < 0.

001). Neutralizing antibodies placental transfer ratio was greater following early versus late third-trimester immunization (median 1.9 (IQR 1.7-2.5) versus 0.8 (IQR 0.5-1.

1), p < 0.001), and was positively associated with longer duration from vaccination (r = 0.77; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Early compared with late third-trimester maternal SARS-CoV-2 immunization enhanced transplacental antibody transfer and increased neonatal neutralizing antibody levels. Our findings highlight that vaccination of pregnant women early in the third trimester may enhance neonatal seroprotection.Diseases.

Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesCOVID-19, in particular among those who received a booster vaccination, has not been well defined so far. METHODS: SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels were measured by ELISA over 1 year among 136 health care workers infected during the first COVID-19 wave and in a subgroup after booster vaccination approximately 1 year later. Furthermore, spike-protein-reactive memory T cells were quantified approximately 7 months after the infection and after booster vaccination. Thirty healthy individuals without history of COVID-19 who were routinely vaccinated served as controls. RESULTS: vitamin b2 benefits of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM- and IgA-antibodies showed a rapid decay over time, whereas IgG-antibody levels decreased more slowly.

Among individuals with history of COVID-19, booster vaccination induced very high IgG- and to a lesser degree IgA-antibodies. Antibody levels were significantly higher after booster vaccination than after recovery from COVID-19. After vaccination with a two-dose schedule, healthy control subjects developed similar antibody levels as compared to individuals with history of COVID-19 and booster vaccination.
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