Notes

Neo-classicism is an art movement that emerged in the 18th century as a reaction to the excesses of Baroque and Rococo styles. It drew inspiration from classical art and culture, particularly from ancient Greece and Rome. Neo-classical works often emphasize simplicity, order, and clarity of structure. This style can be seen in various art forms, including architecture, visual arts, and literature.

In architecture, neo-classical buildings are characterized by their use of classical orders, such as Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian columns, as well as symmetrical and balanced designs. Examples of neo-classical architecture include the works of architects such as Andrea Palladio, Étienne-Louis Boullée, and John Soane.

In the visual arts, neo-classical paintings often depict classical themes, historical events, and mythological subjects. Artists like Jacques-Louis David, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, and Antonio Canova were key figures in the development of this style.

In literature, neo-classicism emphasized rationality, clarity, and order, drawing inspiration from classical literary forms and themes. Writers like Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, and Voltaire incorporated classical ideals and themes into their works.

Overall, the neo-classical movement sought to revive the principles of classical art and culture, focusing on rationality, order, and restraint, and it had a significant impact on the development of Western art and culture.

Neo-classical music refers to a style that emerged in the 20th century, which incorporates elements of the classical tradition, particularly from the 18th century, while also drawing from modern techniques. Some prominent composers associated with neo-classicism include:

Igor Stravinsky: Stravinsky is often considered a key figure in the neo-classical movement. His works such as "Pulcinella" and "Symphony of Psalms" showcase a blend of classical forms and modernist techniques.

Sergei Prokofiev: Prokofiev's neo-classical works, such as his "Classical Symphony," display a return to more traditional forms and structures after his earlier experimental phase.

Béla Bartók: While primarily known for his contributions to modernism, Bartók's compositions also exhibit elements of neo-classicism, particularly in works such as his "Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta."

Paul Hindemith: Hindemith's "Mathis der Maler" and other works from the 1920s and 1930s reflect a neo-classical style that combines elements of traditional forms with modern harmonies and rhythms.

Maurice Ravel: Ravel's compositions often exhibit neoclassical elements, notably his "Le tombeau de Couperin" and "Piano Concerto in G major."

These composers, among others, contributed significantly to the development of the neo-classical style in the realm of classical music in the 20th century. They drew inspiration from earlier classical traditions while also exploring contemporary techniques and musical idioms.