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steptococcus pneumonia
transformation - the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the uptake of exogenous genetic material
rough strain (nonvirulent) & smooth strain (virulent)
coinjection of rough strain and heat-killed smooth strain results in mice death - there is a transforming principle
Avery/Macleod/McCarty experiment
-similar to Griffith
heat killed Smooth strain treated with:
- proteinase (still infectious)
- DNase -> no long infectious
- UV light -> no longer infectious
- RNase (still infectious)
* genetic material is DNA!
transformation allows plasmid vectors to be introduced into and expressed by E. Coli
Hershey-Chase experiments -> confirmed that DNA is genetic material
radioactive isotope experiment using bacteriophage (consists of only DNA & protein)
- DNA labeled with P32
- infected cell contains P32-labeled DNA
DNA 2' deoxyribose / ACGT (more stable = long term storage of genetic info)
RNA ribose / ACGU
purines (double ring) - adenin (A) & guanine (G)
pyrimidines (single ring) - uracil (U) & thymine (T) & cytosine (C)
nucleotides (with phosphate at 5')
nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds -> form polynucleotides
5' -> 3' direction (free phospate on 5' to free hydroxyl group on 3')
3D structure of DNA
- ROsalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction
- DNA is helical structure with at least 2 strands
Double helix model of DNA
- Watson & Crick
- double helix model with purine base-pairing with pyrimidines
antiparallel structure of DNA
Chargraff's rule
- dsDNA consists of 50% purines & 50% pyrimidines
- complementary base-pairing
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