Notes

The results showed that a subset of immunized fish from both V35 and V42 fry could elicit specific antibodies (IgM) against Si at 14 dpi
aloe emodin solubility tested innate and adaptive immune genes upregulated at 7 dpi among fish in V35 group. Interestingly, 42 dph fish appeared to respond to the Si vaccine faster than that of 35 dph, as a significant increase in transcripts was observed in CD4, IL-1β, IgM-like, and IgD-like at 1 dpi; and specific antibody titers of some fish, although not all, were higher than a threshold (p = 0.05) since 7 dpi. In conclusion, this study reveals that 35-42 dph Asian seabass fry can elicit specific immunity to Si immersion vaccine, suggesting that early vaccination of 35 dph fry Asian seabass is feasible.Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Aquatic Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Research Team, BIOTEC, NSTDA, Pathum Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute Heath Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and relevance of time since last rituximab infusion and first experience from responses is largely unknown. Understanding aloe emodin extraction of protective immunity is of paramount importance to fight the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: To characterise humoral immunity after mRNA-COVID-19 vaccination of people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). METHODS: All pwMS in Norway fully vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 were invited to a national screening study. Humoral immunity was assessed by measuring anti-SARS-CoV-2 SPIKE RBD IgG response 3-12 weeks after full vaccination, and compared with healthy subjects. RESULTS: 528 pwMS and 627 healthy subjects were included. Reduced humoral immunity (anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG <70 arbitrary units) was present in 82% and 80% of all pwMS treated with fingolimod and rituximab, respectively, while patients treated with other DMT showed similar rates as healthy subjects and untreated pwMS. We found a significant correlation between time since the last rituximab dose and the development of humoral immunity. Revaccination in two seronegative patients induced a weak antibody response.

CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated with fingolimod or rituximab should be informed about the risk of reduced humoral immunity and vaccinations should be timed carefully in rituximab patients. Our results identify the need for studies regarding the durability of vaccine responses, the role of cellular immunity and commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.honoraria from and served on scientific advisory boards for Biogen, Janssen-Cilag, Sanofi and Novartis. ØT has received speaker honoraria from and served on scientific advisory boards for Biogen, BMS, Jansen, Sanofi, Merck and Novartis. TH has received speaker honoraria and/or unrestricted research grants from Biogen, Merck, Roche, Novartis, Sanofi and Bristol-Myers Squibb, and participated in clinical trials organised by Merck, Sanofi and Roche.

TB has received unrestricted research grants from Biogen Idec and Sanofi Genzyme. MK-M has received unrestricted research grants to his institution; scientific advisory board and speaker honoraria from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi, and has participated in clinical trials organised by Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi. HFH has received honoraria for lecturing or advice from Biogen, Merck, Roche, Novartis and Sanofi. AS is shareholder of Age Labs, a molecular diagnostics company that discovers, develops and commercialises diagnostic tests for the early detection of age-related diseases. EGC has received honoraria for lecturing and advice from Biogen, BMS, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche and in antibody titre against Vibrio anguillarum and total IgM in Atlantic salmon bath-vaccination, and specific antibody response to V. salmonicida O-antigen at three different samplings were analysed in family material of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), consisting of 791 fish belonging to 34 maternal full-sib groups within 12 paternal half-sib groups. The fish were immunized twice, and blood samples collected three times.
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