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【肾】
形态：
肾门：肾的血管、神经、淋巴管以及肾盂出入的部位。
肾门诸结构被结缔组织包裹的总称为肾蒂。
肾蒂各结构的排列关系:
1.从前向后:肾静脉、肾动脉、肾盂
2.从上向下:肾动脉、肾静脉、肾盂
内部结构：
·皮质
·髓质
·肾柱
·肾窦
·肾乳头
·肾小盏
·肾大盏
肾窦是肾门的延续
→由肾门伸入肾实质的凹陷，为肾血管、肾小盏、肾大盏和脂肪等占据。
位置与毗邻：
·脊柱两侧，腹膜后间隙
·左肾:T12上缘”L3腰椎体上缘。
·右肾:T12下缘“L3腰椎体下缘。
·肾门约在L1平面，相当于第9肋软骨前端高度，在正中线外侧约5cm
肾的被摸：
内→外：纤维囊，脂肪囊，肾筋膜
纤维囊:
·正常时易于剥离，病理时剥离困难。手术时需要缝合。
脂肪囊：
·临床做肾囊封闭，就是将药物注入脂肪囊内。
肾筋膜：
·下方完全开放，某些病理时可产生肾下垂或游走肾。
【输尿管】
·成对的，腹膜外位肌性管道。
·约平第2腰椎上缘起自肾盂末端，终于膀胱。
·全长(20-30cm)分三部
→腹部、盆部、壁内部
·全程3处狭窄(0.2-0.3cm)
→起始处、髂血管、膀胱壁
【膀胱】
·肌性器官
→可分为尖、体、底和颈四部
·输尿管口、尿道内口、膀胱
三角、输尿管间襞（膀胱镜
寻找输尿管口的标志）
·膀胱三角：缺乏粘膜下层，无
移动性。无论充盈或收缩始终
保持平滑，是肿瘤、结核和炎
症的好发部位(镜检注意）
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