Notes

leadership HAS 3 THEORIES.
1) trait theory - concentrates on the personal characteristics and features of the of the leader.
managers as a leader need to acquire certain traits to influence the employees.
7- traits.
i) drive - the managers need to exert some efforts to drive and influence the employees/ workers.
ii) desire to lead - ability and willingness to lead the employees.
iii) honesty - the managers need to be free, open minded and honest with the employees and to the work he is doing.
iv) confident - the leader needs to be confident of his decisions.
v) intelligent - he needs to be able to resolve any of issues that arise.
vi) knowledge - the managers are required to acquire enough knowledge in regards to management and the working environment.
vii) extrovert - associate and communicate to all as one, irrespective of the levels in the organisation.

2) behavioural theory - its depends on the leadership style and the behaviour of the leader.
i) autocratic style - all decisions making powers are centralised. the employees are not given the freedom to discuss, make suggestion or even take decisions. it permits quick decision making.
ii) democratic style - favours decision making by the group. the opinions of the majority are taken into consideration after discussion with the employees on all levels.
iii) laissez- faire - or "leave to do" - as in, the leader leaves the group to itself and allows maximum freedom to the subordinates. this can be highly motivating as people have control over their working lives.

3) contingency theory - fielder model- final success or failure is related to the group.
i) task oriented style - leaders are concerned primarily about reaching and achieving the goal.
ii) relationship motivated style - the influence of personal relationship may drive them to complete the task and perform better.

CHALLENGES OF LEADERSHIP - INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
1) managing power - authority/ power could be of different types.
a) legitimate power - legal power (eg. parliment) given to him by his position in the management/ organisation.
b)coercive - power is limited and is used to control or punish
c)rewards
d) expert powers - consult a professional/ expert to solve issues.
e) referent power - comes from the personality of the leader (charisma). possess individuality and uniqueness.

2) developing trust - a good manager/ leader need to develop/ gain trust from employees.
3) culture - if there are different/ numerous cultures in the organisation, the leader needs to fair to all on all term.
4) gender differences - respect the gender differences and allocate or assign jobs accordingly.
5) empowerment - the leader need to have healthy balance between giving orders and commands and giving power/ authority to the employees.