Notes

Butterflies and moths are easily mistaken for each other, but one distinction between them often appears during their pupal stage. When most butterfly caterpillars reach full size, they attach themselves to a leaf or other object and shed their skin a final time, forming a chrysalis, a hard, shell-like skin, which protects the pupa inside. The chrysalis may be dull and rough or shiny and smooth, usually blending into its surroundings. Most moth caterpillars, by contrast, create a cocoon to protect the pupa, rather than forming a chrysalis. The cocoons usually resemble hard silk pouches, but some moths also incorporate materials like hairs and twigs.
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ヾ(≧▽≦*)o
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In the sciences, it's important to distinguish between the accuracy and precision of measurements. Accuracy refers to how close measured values are to a true value. Precision refers to how close measured values are to each other. A common metaphor used to illustrate the difference between these terms is a bull's-eye, or target. Darts thrown accurately at a bull's-eye all hit close to the center of the target but not necessarily close to each other. Darts thrown precisely at a bull's-eye, by contrast, all hit the same spot but not necessarily at the center of the bull's-eye.
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q(≧▽≦q)
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Humans, like members of many other mammalian species, are monogastrics, which means that they have a single-chambered stomach. Some other mammalian species, though, are ruminants, which means that their stomachs have four chambers instead of one. Ruminants are perhaps best known for how much chewing they do during their digestive process. When a ruminant, such as a deer, eats food, the first two chambers of the animal's stomach extract the liquid from the food. The solid remainder of the food, known as the cud, is then regurgitated back into the animal's mouth to be chewed again. This allows the animal to extract more nutrients than it would otherwise. This is ideal for animals that eat plant-based diets, so it's no coincidence that ruminants are always herbivores.
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ψ(｀∇´)ψ
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________When an animal dies, it still has valuable nutrients stored in its body. Helping return these nutrients to the ecosystem are detritivores and decomposers, both of which feed on dead organic matter. Detritivores, such as worms and some millipedes, eat and internally digest small chunks of dead organic matter. Decomposers, in contrast, often don't have mouths, so they must externally digest the dead organic matter. They break the matter into simpler parts, often dissolving it, and then absorb the broken-down matter. Fungi and bacteria are examples of decomposers. By breaking down dead organic matter, decomposers return some nutrients directly to the ecosystem. Other organisms also eat detritivores and decomposers, and nutrients return to the ecosystem in this way, too.
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o(*^＠^*)o
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An endothermic process is a chemical process that absorbs energy in the form of heat. Frying an egg involves an endothermic process, as the egg absorbs heat energy from the frying pan. Any chemical process in which a substance takes heat from the surrounding environment is endothermic.
An exothermic process, by contrast, releases energy in the form of heat. Burning a log of wood involves an exothermic process, as the burning wood releases heat, ash, and smoke into the surrounding environment.
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φ(゜▽゜*)♪
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You may think of the human skeleton as one big collection of bones (206 to be exact), but it actually consists of two parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton is made up of the bones and cartilage of the head and torso, including the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It protects most of our vital organs, like the brain and heart, and supports the weight of our bodies. In contrast, the bones in our appendicular skeleton allow us to move. They include the bone and cartilage in our limbs, like the bones in our arms and feet.
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When a volcano erupts, underground molten rock, called magma, is expelled onto Earth's surface. Once on the surface, this molten rock is called lava. Not all lava is the same, however. One way to distinguish between the different types of lava is how the lava looks after it cools. For example, two of the most common types of lava are pāhoehoe and 'a'ā. Once cooled, pāhoehoe lava looks like billows or long, snake-like coils. Cooled 'a'ā lava, on the other hand, has a rougher, chunkier surface. A third distinctive form of lava is called pillow lava. Like its name, pillow lava looks like interconnected pillows or balls. It's associated with underwater volcanoes where the sudden difference in temperature between the lava and the water creates pillow lava's distinctive shape.
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`(*>﹏<*)′
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There are different patterns of evolution. In a process called convergent evolution, unrelated species can develop similar characteristics to adapt to similar environments. For example, both whales, which are mammals, and sharks, which are fish, have tails well suited for moving through the water. In contrast, divergent evolution occurs when closely related species evolve in different directions. Bat wings, whale flippers, and human hands all probably evolved from a common ancestor's appendage. Over time, though, they have grown apart in form and function. Species can also evolve in response to each other in a process called coevolution. Some types of insects and flowering plants have coevolved, for example. The flowers have evolved long, narrow flowers that the insects can easily feed from but other animals cannot. Some insects, meanwhile, have evolved long proboscises, or needle-like mouthparts, well suited to their particular flowers. The insect gets food from the plant, and the plant gets reliable pollination from the insect.
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o(*^▽^*)┛
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Alligators, crocodiles, and caimans are all members of the biological order Crocodylia, but they belong to different families within that order. Alligators and caimans are part of the family alligatoridae, while crocodiles are part of the family crocodylidae. Alligators and caimans usually have wide snouts that are shaped like the letter "U," while the snout of a crocodile is narrower and shaped like the letter "V." Alligators have overbites, so when they close their mouths, only their top teeth are visible. Crocodiles and caimans have lower and upper jaws that are equally sized, so you can often see both rows of teeth. The crocodile in particular is known for having a very sharp fourth tooth in its lower jaw that juts out even when its mouth is closed, and caimans are known for their sharp, dagger-like teeth.
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( •̀ ω •́ )✧
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In geology, weathering refers to processes that break down rocks into smaller pieces. There are two main types of weathering: physical and chemical. An example of physical weathering is freeze-thaw. This occurs in colder areas, when water seeps into the cracks of rocks. When the water freezes, it expands, widening the cracks and physically prying the rock apart into smaller pieces. Chemical weathering, on the other hand, occurs when rocks break down through chemical changes. The acids in acid rain, for instance, can dissolve rock, wearing down the surfaces of stone buildings and statues. Other substances such as oxygen and carbon dioxide can also cause chemical weathering. Weathering should not be confused with erosion. Erosion is when things such as wind or water move the broken-down rocks from one place to another.
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（〃｀ 3′〃）
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Solutions are combinations of two or more evenly mixed substances. Solutions are often made by dissolving a solid, like sugar, in a liquid, like water. Interestingly, the reverse can also happen: you can form a solid from a liquid solution. If the solid is formed through a chemical change, the process is called precipitation, and the solid that forms is called the precipitate. Precipitation might occur, for instance, if you mix two solutions. Substances within the solutions may react to form a new, solid substance, which would be the precipitate. After precipitation, you can isolate the precipitate by pouring the liquid and precipitate through a filter. The liquid that passes through the filter is called the filtrate, while the precipitate caught on the filter is called the residue. Precipitation is an important process with practical uses. For example, it can be used to make safe, clean drinking water.
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(っ °Д °;)っ
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Earth's crust is made up of layers of rock, with the oldest layers toward the bottom and younger layers toward the top. When tectonic plates collide, they can push the rock together, compressing it. If the rock bends, it can form folds that look like a series of waves. Anticline folds look like arches. In anticline folds, the oldest layer of rock is on the inside of the fold. Syncline folds look like bowls. In syncline folds, the oldest layer of rock is on the outside of the fold. One type of fold, however, does not look like a wave: the monocline. In a monocline fold, two level pieces of land, one higher than the other, are connected by a slope. A monocline fold looks more like a step than an arch or a bowl.
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o(≧口≦)o
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Organisms that can make their own energy from nonliving resources, such as the sun, are known as producers, or autotrophs. The Greek prefix auto- means "self," and the suffix troph means "nourishment." Thus, an autotroph can produce its own nourishment, as when a plant uses photosynthesis to obtain energy from the sun.
Organisms that eat living or once-living things to obtain their energy are known as consumers, or heterotrophs. The Greek prefix hetero- means "different." This means that a heterotroph cannot produce energy on its own. Instead, heterotrophs consume other organisms—plants and animals—for energy.
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┌(。Д。)┐
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Flowering plants are commonly divided into two groups: monocots and dicots. They are distinguished by the number of cotyledons their seeds have—a cotyledon is an undeveloped leaf inside the seed. Monocot seeds have one cotyledon while dicot seeds have two. You can also tell mature monocots and dicots apart based on their leaves and flowers. Monocots' petals occur in multiples of three (e.g., three or six), and their leaves have parallel veins; dicots' petals occur in multiples of four or five, and their leaves have branched veins.
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☆⌒(*＾-゜)v
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end of notes!1! ♪(´▽｀)