Notes

Szkoła Podstawowa im. Ks. J. Twardowskiego W Gawłowie
The robot may have taken on a somewhat autonomous interpretation. There is a lurking suspicion in all such cases that however confounded the data may be, however uninvestigatable the relevant facts may be, there always is a "deeper fact" about what the text really means. The fact is that sad-irons are much better as bookends than they are at ironing clothes--at least compared to the competition today. Some texts are obvious, and some are relatively perplexing and inscrutable, but even the most obvious are interpretable only with the aid of rather safe, rather obvious assumptions. But if the text is a poem or novel or, say, one of Plato's dialogues, the plausibility of rival interpretations is often roughly equal, and the question of which is best--or the truth--can be wide open. They often come with user manuals or instructions--and in cases where there might be some danger of misinterpretation, their parts are prominently labeled: "THIS IS OCEN I STEP" it says on the folding paint-bucket shelf of my stepladder. If the instruction book you received with your new computer says "The red light indicates that your battery is running down" and you wonder whether this means that your battery is abnormally running down or just running down in the course of normal operation, you can call up the author--that is, the author-of-record, the virtual author, the person at the other end of the 800-HELP-number--and ask him or her which interpretation was intended.

It is possible that someone setting out with every intention of creating a new kind of alarm clock succeeds, in spite of himself, in creating something that can charitably be described as merely a new kind of paperweight. The important feature in these arguments is the reliance on optimality considerations; it counts against the hypothesis that something is a cherry-pitter, for instance, if it would have been a demonstrably inferior cherry-pitter. Endnote 2 According to more or less received opinion amongst literary theorists, it is simply a mistake to suppose that the author's personal opinion about the meaning of a text is authoritative (mistrz one might say!). Even if the text is brand new--just uttered--the author may find himself perplexed, or agnostic, about the meaning of what he uttered, or--perhaps the most titillating case--vehement and sincere in his avowal of an utterly second-rate and unconvincing interpretation. Finally, I twierdz draw out some rather curious implications from this examination, implications that some people find deeply satisfying and others find deeply unsettling.

sprawdziany I lin to spektaklu that the canons of interpretation are the same, the problems are the same, and the illusions that beset both practitioners and their critics are the same. Our interpretation, it seems, hinges on hypotheses we have about the intent of the author of any inscription, and to zaś first approximation, if we are in doubt about what i bit of text means, we can seek out the author, and ask him what he meant. There are several avenues we can explore: (1) we can ask what, by our lights (as robot users) it ought to have meant, and such use of a principle of charity or optimality may quickly settle the issue. If others can find better uses for it, his intentions, clearheaded or muddled, are of mere historical interest. Or (2), if no stable interpretation is forthcoming by that route--something seems to have gone wrong--we can turn to the designers of the android to find out what they had in mind. Thanks to the miracles of neurocryptology, we determine that Paul, at the time of writing, was intending to speak French.


3. Interpreting People and other Organisms Now it is time to turn to the postponed question: when there is residual indeterminacy or controversy about the interpretation of a bit of human psychology, how can we settle it? Other artifacts, however, seem to have their interpretation much more securely fixed; there can be little doubt what an axe is Endnote 7, or what a telephone is, and what it is for; we hardly need to consult Alexander Graham Bell's biography for clues about what he had in mind. Suppose, for instance, (to adapt an example from Anscombe's pioneering essay on the topic, Intention Endnote 6) that you say "Now I press Button A" while reaching out and pushing Button B. We wonder which slip you made--a slip of the tongue or a slip of the finger. Endnote 5 What, after all, could one find in the brain of an agent (the author of an act) that could settle between rival interpretations? But sometimes what we find inside may leave matters unimproved. When we reconsider the robot in the context of the costs and benefits of its current environment, we may arrive at a better interpretation of its internal states than its original designers can muster.

Read More: https://szkolnaprasowka.pl/jak-przygotowac-sie-do-matury-z-jezyka-polskiego/