Notes

He Valued his Work At £69
The number one Grand Rapids electricians are standing by and ready to serve you. “Dean and his team are our local electricians for my house and my business. He concludes from the assumption that ions are charged with electricity, that a wandering group of atoms invariably carries the same charge of electricity with it, and that electricity itself is composed of definite elementary particles which behave like the atoms of electricity. 3rdly. That each particle of common matter attracts any portion of its electrical equivalent that may have been removed to an abnormal distance from it with a force which varies as the squares of the numbers of electrical particles contained in that portion. This theory was, however, shown long ago by Lord Kelvin and Professor von Helmholtz to be untenable on account of its violating the principles of the modern theory of energy; now, of course, direct action at a distance is altogether out of court. A most successful modification of it was that proposed by Weber in which elements of current were replaced, as the fundamental object of consideration, by moving electric particles which acted on each other at a distance according to a law of force involving their velocities.

One has been led to the conception of electrons, i.e. of extremely small particles, charged with electricity, which are present in immense numbers in all ponderable bodies, and by whose distribution and motions we endeavor to explain all electric and optical phenomena that are not confined to the free ether. To arrive at an understanding of the relations between electrical forces and chemical affinity, he shows from the phenomena of electrolytic dissociation how we are to picture the ponderable atoms as bound up with electricity. This shows that we must have a different picture for every speed of relative motion, so that the total number of pictures is infinite, and we cannot form the picture we need unless we know the speed of the electron relative to the object it is about to meet. Further, as the pattern of events is unaltered by motion, the mechanism must be the same when the electron is in motion as when it is at rest.

Clearly, if electric action is to be explained in mechanical terms, the mechanism must be supposed to be attached to the electric charges, and to move through space with them. In fact, on average each year American homes use over 10,000 kilowatt-hours of electric power. If we further suppose the electrons to strike over and over again against metallic atoms, so that they describe irregular zigzag-lines, we can make clear to ourselves the reason that metals are at the same time good conductors of heat and of electricity, and that, as a general rule, in the series of the metals, the two conductivities change in nearly the same ratio. If the landlord is considering yearlong rather than month-to-month leases, he should make that clear as well. Before work begins you may need to clear the space and excavate if necessary, including the removal of trees (if not held under TPOs or in protected areas). And whatever view one may have as to the validity and sufficiency of an æther with simple rotational elasticity, the formal equations to which that theory leads for free space are just those equations of Maxwell which Hertz's experimental work has fully verified. The electrons may now be pictured as octopus-like structures with tentacles or 'tubes of force' sticking out from it in every direction.

H. A. Lorentz has found out the Relativity theorem and has created the Relativity postulate as a hypothesis that electrons and matter suffer contractions in consequence of their motion according to a certain law. Hendrik Lorentz, The Theory of Electrons and Its Applications to the Phenomena of Light and Radiant Heat (1916) Ch. The fundamental question then is, how far the conception of separate isolated electrons, pervading the aether of free space, can provide an explanation of electrodynamic and optical phenomena. The present question is whether a theory of electrons which act on each other, not directly according to a law of force, but mediately by propagation of the effect across the intervening æther, suffices to avoid the discrepancies of earlier theories and give a consistent account of electrical and optical phenomena; and it is maintained that the answer is altogether in the affirmative. In this manner we can account for the emission of light and heat.
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