Notes

MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Bios-Life
Logy-Study of
Zoa-Animal
Cyto-Cell
Taxon-Group
Micro-Small
Scope-See; look
Ultra-Beyond
Proto-First
Plasm-Anything formed or molded
A-Without
Gen-Produce
Re-Again
Carbo-Carbon
Hydro-Water
Mono-One
Bi-Two
Di-Two
Poly-Many
Tri-Three
Tetra-Four
Quad-Four
Penta-Five
Uni-One
Multi-Many
Octo-Eight
De-Away
Lysis-Splitting
Pro-Before
Eu-True
Endo-Inside
Ecto-Outside
Therm-Heat
Mitos-Thread
Chroma-Color
Ose-Sugar
Chloro-Green
Leuko-White
Inter-Between
Intra-Within
Iso-Equal
Hypo-Less than; under
Hyper-Above; excessive
Phago-Eat
Exo-Outside
Auto-Self
Hetero-Other
Troph-Feeding
Photo0-Light
Synthesis-Put together
Aeros-With air
Oxy-Oxygen
Glyco-Sugar
Co-With
Chemo-Chemical
Trans-Across
Oid-Similar to
Macro-Large, big
Soma-Body
Centro-Center
Meta-Beyond
Telo-Far
Mutare-Change
Hemo-Blood
Philia-Tendency towards
Megas-Large
Mit-Send
Zygo-Join
Genos-Race, kind
Filial-Family
Letal-Death
Vita-Life
Non-Not
Peri-Around
Para-Beside
Eight Characteristics of Life
1.Living things have DNA
2.Every organism has a specific pattern of growth
3.Organisms detect and respond to stimuli
4.Living things reproduce
5.Living things perfor homeostasis
6.All organisms use energy
7.Living things are made of cells
8.Living things evolve
Observations vs. inferences and Quantitative vs. Qualitative
Observations are things we can see, and inferences are assumptions based off of previously knowledge.
Quantitative is based on numbers and quantity. Qualitative is based off of quality and numbers
Measurements
Measurements
metric
US Customary
mass
grams, kilograms
ounces, pounds
volume
liters, cubic centimeters
cups, quarts, gallons
length
meter
inches, feet, yards
time
minutes, seconds, hours
minutes, seconds, hours
temperature
0C
0F

Bio Review-Chapter One

To determine atomic mass- Subtract the number of protons from the atomic mass number

Element-A pure substance that is made of only a singular type of atom

Atomic Number-The number of protons in an atom; if the atom is neutral it is congruent to the number of electrons

Atomic Mass-The weight of the atom’s nucleus; the number of protons and neutrons

Valence Electrons-Valence electrons are electrons found on the outermost orbital of an atom, the maximum amount of valence electrons an atom can have is 8 ( according to the octant rule ) . On the first orbital you may have 2 electrons and then 6 then 8 after the third orbital the maximum will always be 8. They’re most important because they control the type of bonds that may occur

Ionic Bond-Is when the valence electrons are transferred between atoms

Covalent Bond-Is when the valence electrons are shared between atoms

Why Is Water Polar ? ? ? ?
Water is a polar molecule , because of it’s shape.Water has one side that is positively charged and one side that is negatively charged. The molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Oxygen has a slight negative charge , whereas Hydrogen has a slight positive charge.

Cohesion-The sticking together of particles of the same substance

Adhesion-The sticking together of particles of different substances

Capillary Action- The tendency of a liquid in a tube or absorbent material to rise or fall as a result of surface tension.

The Four Most Common Elements In Living Things
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

Importance Of Carbon
It can have up to four bonds
It is abundant in every living thing
Is the most common substance found on earth
Carbon's Bonding-Carbon can have up to four bonds and can have a single, double or triple bond per each atom

Differnece between Molymers and polymers- monomers are the smaller units that makeup polymers

Macromolecules-


Carbohydrate
Lipid
Nucleic Acid
Protein
(Monomer)
Monosaccharide
(Monomer)
Fatty Acid and Glycerol
(Monomer)
Nucleotide
(Monomer)
Amino Acids
(Polymer)
Polysaccharide
(Polymer)
Fats, Oils and Waxes
(Polymer)
DNA, RNA
(Polymer)
Polypeptide
(Function)
Immediate energy use and in cell membrane and walls
(Function)
Energy storage
(Function)
DNA, genetic code for all organisms
(Function)
Muscle and skeletal systems
(Elements)
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
(Elements)
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
(Elements)
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
(Elements)
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen,

Importance Of Protein- The three-dimensional geometry of a protein molecule is so important to its function that four levels of structure are used to describe a protein. The first level, or primary structure, is the linear sequence of amino acids that creates the peptide chain

Enzyme- Works as a protein to speed up the rate of a chemical reaction, they act by lowering the activation energy.Make materials that cells need and a clear passageway.
Bio Review Microscopes and Cells
Cell Parts-
Cytoplasm-Space between cell membrane and nucleus, souplike fluid called cytosol

Nucleus-Control center of the cell, contains nearly 100 percent of the cells DNA. Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus, but eukaryotes do. Is surrounded by the nuclear envelope, there are nuclear pores in the envelope allowing materials in and out, the nucleolus is the dense region before the nucleus

Vacuole-Plant cells have one large one, and animal cells have many smaller ones. Stores materials like carbohydrates, water and proteins. This allow plants to bear heavy weight. It’s the water bottle or gatorade bottle of the cell.

Lysosome-Breaks down materials such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. May also remove cellular junk. Is the recycling or digestive system of the cell.

Cytoskeleton-Helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in the cells movement. It may also transport materials throughout the cell.

Ribosomes-Produce proteins based on instructions from DNA, may be free floating or connected to rough ER

Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)-Can transport proteins throughout the cell, 2 kinds
Rough ER- ribosomes found on the surface; involved in making proteins
Smooth ER-No ribosomes on the surface involved in making lipids and detoxification of drugs

Golgi Apparatus-Stacks of flattened membranes, modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER either to be stored within the cell or to be released out of the cell (UPS of the cell)

Cell membrane-Regulates what enters and enters the cell. Also supports and protects the cell. 2 parts of the membrane lipid
Hydrophilic- water loving
Hydrophobic- water hating
Proteins are embedded in the cell membrane and can move around lipids. The membrane is semipermeable(chooses what goes in and out)

Cell Wall- Outside of the membrane in plant cells, adds support and structure ANIMAL CELLS DON'T HAVE CELL WALLS

Chloroplast- Is where photosynthesis occurs and is only present in plant cells.All chloroplasts have at least three membrane systems—the outer chloroplast membrane, the inner chloroplast membrane, and the thylakoid system.

Mitochondria-Is the powerhouse of the cell, is present highly in muscles


Microscope Parts-
Body Tube-separates the objective and the eyepiece and assures continuous alignment of the optics

Ocular Lense(eye piece)-is a type of lens that is attached to a variety of microscopes. It is so named because it is usually the lens that is closest to the eye when someone looks through the device. is magnified to 10x usually

Arm- used to carry the microscope

Stage-a stage moves up in down when you use the coarse adjustment knob

Coarse Adjustment Knob- Moves the stage for broad adjustment

Fine Adjustment Knob-Focuses the microscope slightly

Objectives- Extra lenses for added magnification

Light- Can be changed with a knob on most microscopes

Levels of Organization
Atom-Smallest form of matter

Organelle- (little organs) Parts of a cell

Cell- Smallest unit of life

Tissue- Group of cells performing one function together

Organ-Group of tissue performing one function together

Organ system- Group of organs to perform a certain function: respiratory, skeletal etc…

Organism- Group of organ systems that make an animal being

Autotrophs make their own food, heterotrophs DO NOT


Plant cells have a more square or rectangular shape, because of their cell wall

Scientist and Their Influence On Cells
Hooke-Observed cork, named the cell after monks’ rooms

Van Leeuwenhoek-Father of microscopy

Schleiden-all plants are made of cells

Schwann-All animal cells are made of cells (Swan-Schwann… animal)

Virchow-New cells come from other cells

Cell theory-
Living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic unit of life
Cells come from other cells

Cells need to communicate to in a multicellular organism- to obtain homeostasis

Extra Useful Info to Know!!!
Unicellular-Single celled
Multicellular- Many celled
ALL cells have DNA
Cells can communicate chemically
Cells come in many shapes and sizes

Homeostasis-Constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organism maintain. To maintain all organisms need to carry out the characteristics of life.


ATP and ADP
ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate, is the energy molecule used by all cells to do work. It’s a nucleotide consisting of nitrogen-containing base, a five carbon sugar and three phosphate groups. ATP is able to store and transport chemical energy within cells
ADP-Adenosine Diphosphate; a nucleotide that functions in the transfer of energy during the catabolism of glucose, formed by the removal of a phosphate from adenosine triphosphate and composed of adenine, ribose, and two phosphate groups.
Light Independent Reactions-
When ATP becomes ADP in photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide is needed
Carbon Dioxide in and glucose out ATP>ADP
Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast
Light Dependent Reactions-
Water in and oxygen out ADP>ATP
Occurs in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast
Water in needed
Oxygen is released


Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is using light energy, water and carbon dioxide to make high energy sugar and oxygen
6CO2 +H20(in the presence of light)>C6H12O6+6O2
Plants perform photosynthesis


Chemosynthesis
Is performed by plants underwater whom don't receive sunlight. They use chemical vents to receive energy.

Endocytosis-A process in which cell takes in materials from the outside by engulfing and fusing them with its plasma membrane.
Exocytosis-process by which a cell transports secretory products through the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane
Pinocytosis-the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane.
Phagocytosis-The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans

Fermentation produces just two ATP molecules per glucose molecule, compared with about 29 ATP molecules per glucose molecule in cellular respiration. Also, organisms never use fermentation unless an appropriate electron acceptor is not available

The two most common types of fermentation are (1) alcoholic fermentation and (2) lactic acid fermentation. (1) Alcoholic fermentation : the type of fermentation in which ethyl alcohol is the main end product .This is very common in yeast (unicellular fungus) and also seen in some bacteria

Active transport is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration in the direction against some gradient or other obstructing factor (often a concentration gradient).

Passive transport is a movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input.

Aerobic Respiration- Produces 36 ATP occurs in the mitochondria and cytoplasm

Anaerobic Respiration- Produces 2 ATP occurs in cytoplasm




Passive Transport
A kind of transport by which ions or molecules move along a concentration gradient, which means movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Diffusion-
The passive movement of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient, or from regions of higher to regions of lower concentration

Facilitated diffusion-
Transport of substances across a biological membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration by means of a carrier molecule. Since the substances move along the direction of their concentration gradients, energy is not required.
Osmosis-
Diffusion of a solvent (usually water molecules) through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back. photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food. Respiration- uses oxygen to release energy from food

hypotonic-to much water

isostonic-equal

hypertonic-to much glucose