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On March 14, 2023, Microsoft released a "Patch Tuesday" security update to address seventy-six separate vulnerabilities. Included among them was CVE-2023-23397, a critical vulnerability (rating 9.8) targeting Microsoft's Outlook E-Mail client. Exploitation of the vulnerability would allow for remote credential replay attacks leading to escalation of privilege with no user interaction. Also on March 14th, researchers published a proof-of-concept exploit to take advantage of the vulnerability. Despite being publicly disclosed in March 2023, there is evidence that this vulnerability has been exploited in the wild by state-sponsored threat actors since at least April of 2022. In the patch notes, Microsoft described the Outlook vulnerability as "a privilege escalation vulnerability that allows for a NTLM (New Technology LAN Manager) Replay attack against another service to authenticate as the user." Fidelis Cybersecurity's Threat Research Team performed a deep-dive analysis of the vulnerability and developed a Fidelis Network detection capability that provides real-time alerting for this attack. The following info below is a basic explanation of how this works:

1. Negotiation message: establish network path and negotiate capabilities of client and server.
2. Challenge message: server responds with a challenge message including a random 8-byte number to prompt the client to authenticate.
3. Authentication message: the client responds with the random number plus a hashed version of the password, which is compared to the value stored on the domain controller.

The hash value is particularly important to the discussion. Due to how NTLM implements its hashing features (I.E., a lack of salting), the hash value can be used to authenticate just as if the attacker had access to the un-hashed password.

This is Integrity since, while the hash itself isn't changed, certain scripts and programs are able to use the exploit and find the hash & create a hash that matches exactly in order to grant access due to the lack of salting.
     
 
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