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*Official language of Indian: Hindi
*Official language by Indian states:31
*Languages recognized by the constitution of India:22
* The census of India 1961 identified 1,652 languages
*It is believed that 880 languages are still in use
*Harapan civilization (Indus valley civilization) (2800BCE-1700BCE)
*Aerial view (Left) and side view (Right) of great bath at Mohenjo Daro
*Harappan seals
*Harappans seals featuring yogic postures
*Harappans priest-king
*3,500-yrar-old stone hand-held axe engraved with the Harappan script found in Tamil Nadu in February 2006
*The Vedic Age,1500 B.C.E.-500B.C.E
*Vedas-sacred hymns (Brahmanas)the Rig Veda
Aryans (Aryas) ("Noble Ones")
Aryans vs. Dasas
THE VARNA SYSTEM (THE CASTE SYSTEM) THE PURUSHA MYTH
* Brahmin: Priests, Academics
*Kshatriya: Warriors, Kings
*Vaishya: Merchants, Landowners
*Sudra: commoners, Peasants, Servants
*Untouchable: Outcast-Out of the Caste, Steet Sweepers, Latrine Cleaners
*Samsara – reincarnation, transmigration of souls
*The atman (“breath”) – immortal essence
*Dharma - duties
*Karma – fate or destiny based on performance of dharma
VEDIC RELIGION
*Indra – God of war and thunder
*Varuna – God of waters
*Agni – God of fire
JAINISM
*Jain Sculpture: enthroned Jina Harappan figurine of a Yogi
*Tirthankara (Sanskrit: “Ford-maker”), or Jina (“Conqueror”)
*Vardhamana Mahavira – last (24th) Tirthankara to appear
*Moksha (“liberation”)
*Five “jewels: non-violence; truthfulness, abstinence from stealing, abstinence from greed, chaste living.
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