Notes

Cell Cycle: Diseases and Disorders
* The cell cycle is the series of events that a cell goes through as it grows and divides.
* It consist of distinct phases, each crucial for proper cell division
-G1 PHASE: Cell growth and normal metabolic processes.
-S PHASE: DNA replication
-G2 PHASE: Final preparations for division
-M PHASE: Cell division itself
* Non disjunction
- occurs when sister chromatids fails to separate during meiosis, abnormal numbers of chromosomes.
* TRISOMY
- state where humans have an extra copy of autosome, three instead of two, results to abnormal numbers of chromosome.
* MONOSOMY
- a term to describe the absence of one member of a chromosome pair, resulting in a clone with 45 chromosomes in the case of a single monosomy.

Types of Trisomy
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome): Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. It is the most common chromosomal disorder, and individuals with Down syndrome often have intellectual disabilities and characteristic physical features.
Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome): Results from an extra copy of chromosome 18 (three copies instead of two).
It is associated with severe intellectual disabilities and multiple physical abnormalities.
Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome): Patau syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 13. It leads to severe intellectual disabilities and a range of physical abnormalities, and it is also associated with a short lifespan.
Trisomy 8 (Warkany Syndrome 2): Occurs when there is an extra copy of chromosome 8. It can lead to intellectual disabilities, physical abnormalities, and developmental delays.

Monosomy
Turner syndrome: is a genetic disorder affecting females, resulting from the absence of an X chromosome or structural abnormalities.