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Mesothelioma, a cancer caused by asbestos, affects the linings of organs. The symptoms can appear between 10 and 50 years after exposure to asbestos but they are often regarded as less serious ailments.

The location and type of mesothelioma are classified. Pleural mesothelioma can be found in the lung and accounts for approximately 75 percent of cases. The less common types are found in the peritoneum (the layer that covers abdominal organs and pelvic structure).

Causes

The cancerous mesothelioma begins in the thin layer that covers and protects your internal organs. This is known as the mesothelium. It is most often affecting the lung linings (pleura) as well as the stomach's lining and the tissues surrounding the testicles, the heart and other parts. The cancer is caused by exposure to asbestos.

Asbestos, a substance that occurs naturally, is a strong and durable fibers. It was used for a range of purposes, including insulation, brakes and shingles. When asbestos is broken or agitated, it could release tiny particles into the air. Inhaling asbestos fibers can cause irritation to the lungs and digestive tract, and also cause abnormal cell growth. This could lead to mesothelioma, which is generally malignant (cancerous).

A diagnosis of mesothelioma can be terrifying and frightening for the patient and their family members. But it's important to get as much information as possible and to speak with your physician about any symptoms you're experiencing. It's essential to be diagnosed as soon as you can so you can start treatment as soon as you can.

Your doctor will request physical examination, blood tests, and imaging scans of the chest or abdomen when you are first diagnosed with mesothelioma. These tests will aid your doctor in identifying any abnormal growths and rule other illnesses out.

Your doctor might also suggest an excision procedure to remove a small piece of the mesothelium to examine it under a microscope for indications of cancer. You may also receive chemotherapy, which uses special drugs to kill cancerous cells or shrink them. It can be administered as pills or administered via a tube that is inserted into the vein.

Some mesotheliomas are benign (non-cancerous) and don't spread to other parts of the body. Mesotheliomas of benign origin can be found in the pleura or abdominal cavity, as well as in the reproductive organs in men and women.

Signs and symptoms

Mesothelioma is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the membrane surrounding organs. Mesothelioma cancers that are malignant can grow to other organs and tissues within the body. The inner layer of the mesothelium covers various organs, including the heart, lungs and stomach. The outer layer covers the abdominal cavity, referred to as the peritoneum. A tiny amount of fluid is found between the two layers, allowing the organs to move freely. Mesothelioma can grow in any of the layers of the mesothelium.

The nature and location of the cancer will determine the signs of mesothelioma. Symptoms can include breathlessness, coughing, pain and fatigue as well as swelling. Mesothelioma, like other cancers is rare and could be difficult to identify by a medical professional. The symptoms may resemble those of other diseases and mesothelioma can have a long latency time.

For pleural mesothelioma, the most common symptoms are chest discomfort, coughing and trouble breathing. Chest pain is caused by pressure on the lungs caused by the accumulation of fluid in the pleura. The fluid, also known as a pleural effusion is often mistaken for other ailments such as pneumonia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

A lung scan or CT scan can reveal changes in the lungs, such as pleural thickening and an effusion in the pleura. It can also help doctors to rule out other diseases that could be causing symptoms.

A blood test can measure levels of certain proteins that are more prevalent in patients with mesothelioma. Doctors may also opt for a procedure called thoracoscopic surgery or VATS to remove the pleura of fluid. This procedure can ease chest pain and breathlessness.

The symptoms of mesothelioma may be mild or even serious. Doctors can prescribe medication to reduce symptoms based on the signs. The mild pain can be treated with over-the counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as Ibuprofen and aspirin. For moderate to severe pain, doctors can prescribe opioids. They are often prescribed in combination with NSAIDs and include hydrocodone, oxycodone methadone and codeine. Palliative medicine can also offer relief from pain and comfort. It can improve the patient's quality of sleep as well as their the quality of their life.

Diagnosis

A mesothelioma specialist can identify the condition using various tests. The first step involves a physical exam and a tissue sample. A pathologist will then examine the tissue under a microscope in order to detect mesothelioma cells, and determine their type. Blood tests are also used to identify markers that indicate mesothelioma-related diagnosis.

The symptoms of mesothelioma differ based on the nature and location. The signs of pleural mesothelioma can include breathing problems, chest pain or tightness and dry cough. They can also include swelling in the arms and legs in addition to an unexplained loss of weight and difficulty swallowing. The accumulation of fluid in the abdomen can cause abdominal pain and swelling of the face and arms or a difficulty in moving.

If doctors discover mesothelioma, they can order imaging tests that aid in determining the size and location of the cancer. Doctors can do an abdominal CT scan or an MRI to provide detailed images of the lungs or abdomen.

Doctors can also perform an incision biopsy to collect an insignificant sample of the mesothelioma's lining tumor. This can be performed under local anesthesia by inserting a thin needle into the mesothelioma, or through camera- or video-assisted biopsies, which involve inserting a tube of a small size through the chest or abdomen.

These tests also determine the extent to which mesothelioma has spread away from the point of source. This helps doctors determine the stage of the cancer, which is indicated by Roman numerals that range from I to IV.

When a mesothelioma is diagnosed the team of specialists can decide which best treatment options are for the patient. The team will usually include a mesothelioma surgeon and an oncologist as well as other medical professionals that specialize in different aspects of care for mesothelioma. They may also recommend palliative treatment to manage the symptoms and pain. Patients suffering from mesothelioma should seek out an additional opinion from an experienced specialist. Many patients receive multiple misdiagnoses before they receive a proper mesothelioma diagnosis.

Treatment


Treatment options will be based on the type of mesothelioma as well as your current health. Usually surgery is the primary treatment option for mesothelioma that is malignant. But if you're in the later stages of the disease and it isn't operable, other treatments may help relieve symptoms and improve the quality of your life.

Your doctor will employ an imaging tests, like chest radiographs to check for the presence of mesothelioma and to monitor its progress. The doctor could also take samples of tissue to test. A biopsy can confirm mesothelioma as well as determine the type of cell it is which can affect the prognosis. There are three types of mesothelioma cells: epithelioid, biphasic and sarcomatoid. The majority of mesothelioma cases are epithelioid cancers which respond better to treatment than biphasic or sarcomatoid cancers.

The treatment for mesothelioma of the pleura usually involves an operation known as extrapleural pneumonectomy, or EPP. The affected lung is removed, the pleura and part of the diaphragm. The procedure is very injurious, and doctors ensure that they only take out as much mesothelioma as needed. They will use a multimodal treatment plan, that may include chemotherapy and radiation.

Other types of mesothelioma surgeries can be utilized to reduce the size of tumors or treat cancer that is recurrent. For instance, a surgeon may drain the lungs of their fluid (pleurodesis) or insert tubes to drain the fluid frequently at home (a pleurectomy). Other surgeries can be used to alleviate mesothelioma-related symptoms, including a peritoneal surgery called a HIPEC (heated intraoperative chemotherapy) which uses chemotherapy prior to taking out the lining of your abdominal cavity.

A lot of people suffering from mesothelioma not able to undergo surgery due to their advanced stage of cancer or health issue. If you're fit enough to undergo surgery, it can enhance your life quality and increase the chances of survival.

Certain types of mesothelioma are low-risk and can be detected with regular checkups, or by less invasive procedures like the thoracoscopic pleurodesis procedure or drainage tube for Pleural effusion. You can also enroll in mesothelioma clinical trials which provides more targeted treatments than traditional methods.

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