Notes

.Medieval period- 400CE to 1400CE
-Also called the Middle Ages
-By the thirteenth century, magnificent works of architecture, sculpture, paintings, poetry, and music appeared.

.Gregorian Chant
-Gregorian chant is the official music of the roman catholic church, It is credited to Pope Gregory I the Great, It is also named plainsong or plainchant.

.Cantus firmus
-means fixed song, It is a prehistoric melodic line.
.Pope Gregory the Great
- is known as the "Father of Christian worship" during the medieval period...

-The Gregorian notations used different signs called neume, The Gregorian neumes have a 4-line staff while the Modern notation has a 5-line staff...

."C clef"
-It marks where Do is on the staff. It is on the third line from the bottom of the staff...
.''F clef"
-It indicates where Fa is on the staff. The Do is on the bottom space.
.Text Settings
- There are different styles in writing the text of the Gregorian chant.
.Syllabic
-There is one assigned note for each syllable of the text.
.Neumatic
-A group of neumes is assigned to one syllable of text.
.Melismatic
-There are many notes assigned to one syllable of text, usually combining several groups of neumes.
.Psalmodic
-There are many syllables assigned to one note of text.

.Church modes
-The church modes were the scale used in both sacred and secular music. They are composed of seven different tones and an eighth note that duplicates the first note on an octave higher.
.The four authentic modes:
-dorian
-phrygian
-Lydian
-mixolydian
.The four plagal modes
-hypodorian
-hypophrygian
-hypolydian
-hypomixolydian

.Guillaume de Machaut (ca. 1300-1377)
-Is a French poet and composer
-he used Ars Nova, the technique of isorhythm a repeated rhythmic pattern throughout one or more voices.

-Gregorian is a German band headed by Frank Peterson

.Organum
-The Gregorian chant was continuously performed in the churches during the medieval period. A development was introduced by Perotin and Leonin.

-Leonin is the first composer of polyphonic music who lived in the latter part of the twelfth century and earned extensive fame.

-The composers during the thirteenth century added more than one new voice above a plainchant, making three- and four-voice compositions of varied and rich texture called Motets

.Mass
-The mass is the Roman Catholic Church's central and leading worship service.

.Troubadours
-The first composer-poets to appear in southern France, northern Spain and Italy in the late twelfth and thirteenth centuries were the troubadours.
.Trouveres
-The musical traditions shown by the troubadours were carried gradually to northern France. The composer-performers were called trouveres. Their influence reached even to Germany, where their German Counterparts were called minnesingers.
-Since the time of Plato up to the Middle Ages, music was viewed not as an art but as a science. It was studied in the schools along with astronomy, arithmetic, and geometry in a curriculum called the quadrivium.


.Music of the Renaissance Period
Polyphony is the simultaneous combination of sounds in music.
-The word Renaissance came from the Italian term Rinascimento, which means "rebirth" The Renaissance period started in Florence from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries. It is also known as the period of the "Golden Age of Polyphony." It was said that the music started to change from monophony to simple harmony in the form of polyphony.
-Saw the voyages of Columbus and Magellan and produced the likes of Leonardo da Vinci, Who was a painter, architect, sculptor, engineer, scientist, and also a great musician
-They used a musical representation of particular poetic images called word painting.
-The texture of Renaissance music is mostly polyphonic. A typical Choral piece has four, five, or six voice parts of almost equal melodic concentration.
-Renaissance sometimes also called the "golden age''
-The two main forms of sacred music during the Renaissance period were the motets and the mass.

-Five sections:
-Kyrie
-Gloria
-Credo
-Agnus Dei

.Renaissance Motet
-Josquin des Prez was a Francoflemish master of Renaissance music. He spent much of his life in Italy, serving in the papal choir and in Duke's private chapels, He also worked for Louis XII of France.

.Renaissance Mass
-The Italian composers during the sixteenth century achieved the brilliance of earlier Flemish masters such as Josquin, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was among the most significant Italians.
- He wrote 104 masses and around 450 other sacred works.

.Guillaume Dufay (1397-1474)
-Guillaume Dufay was one of the earliest composers of the Burgundian School, He was active at the court of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.

.Secular Music
-Secular music was divided between purely vocal works and those in which the singers were supported by instruments.
.Madrigal
-The sixteenth-century madrigal was an aristocratic form of poetry and music.
.Philippine Madrigal Singers
-Was organized in 1963 by National Artist Andrea Veneracaion.

.Thomas Morley (ca. 1557-1602)
-Thomas Morley was a theorist, editor, and organist at St. Paul's Cathedral in London.
-His Musica transalpina, a collection of Italian madrigals tailored with English texts, was published in 1588.
-Morley was also called the "Father of the English Madrigals"

.Stile concitato
-means an agitated style.
.Tremolo
-means a trebling effect.
.Pizzicato
-means a plucking effect

.Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643)
-Monteverdi spent twelve years at the court of the Duke of Mantua. He was appointed choirmaster of St. Mark's in Venice in 1613. As a composer, he had motets, operas, ballets, madrigals, and religious works where he injected an emotional intensity that was new to music. He originated what he called the stile concitato, introducing such novel sound effects as the string tremolo and pizzicato as symbols of passion. He declared; "The text should be the master of the music, not the servant"

.Leonardo da Vinci
-Was an Italian Renaissance master painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist, engineer, architect, and writer. He was called the "Renaissance Man" because of his many great works. Two of his famous paintings in the world are the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Little is known that he was also a musical instrument builder, having designed the viola organista, Which to this day has captivated instrument builders and audiences alike.

.Music of the Baroque Period
-In music the Baroque style flourished from about 1600 to 1750.
.Crescendo
-is a gradual increase in volume.
.Decrescendo
-is a gradual decrease in volume.

-Polyphonic texture is predominant in the Baroque era. Two or more melodic lines compete in the music compositions. Usually, the soprano and bass lines are the most significant. Imitation between lines or voices is very evident in the composition. A melodic idea or theme heard in one voice usually appears in the other voices as well.
-However, not all Baroque music was polyphonic. A composition might shift in texture, especially in vocal music where the alteration of mood in the words requires a musical contrast. Baroque composers also differed in musical texture. Bach was into polyphony, whereas Handel used more contrast between homophonic and polyphonic sections.