Notes

Non-disjunction
Occurs when a homologous pair fails to separate during anaphase I of meiosis, or sister chromatids fail to separate during anaphase II. The result is one gamete with two copies of a given chromosome and the other with no copy of that particular chromosome.. This type of mutation is responsible for a variety of different syndromes. Down syndrome is caused by the presence of an extra chromosome in chromosome set 21. This chromosomal condition can result in characteristic facial features, susceptibility to respiratory infection, and delays in physical and mental development.

Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disease that can cause thick mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive tract. It is caused by mutations to the gene that codes for a protein called CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator). This protein regulates the components of sweat, digestive juices, and mucus. Cystic fibrosis is one of the most commonly inherited chronic lung diseases and is more common among those of Northern or Central European descent.

Insects benefit from mutations that help make them resistant to chemical pesticides. Some microorganisms, such as bacteria, have adapted to new chemicals and medications in their environment because of mutations. Humans and dieseases is more complicated however mutations to things such as hiv, aids, or others help prevent you from getting those. Plant and animal breeders use mutations to help make plants or animals resistant to such things. Although it may seem fake it helps in the long run of making sure things go right.