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Morphology is the branch of linguistics that investigates the structure of words
each word consists of morphemes
dog – 1 morpheme
dogs - 2 morphemes (dog + s)
uncomfortable – 3 morphemes (un + comfort + able)
Morpheme is a basic unit of meaning or grammatical function
Words consisting of two or more morphemes contain the ‘main’ morpheme to which other morphemes are attached
in uncomfortable, comfort is such a main morpheme we call it a stem
un- and –able are called affixes.
An affix which stands before the stem is called a prefix
An affix which follows the stem is called a suffix
There are 3 main morphological processes:
• Inflection
INFLECTIONAL suffixes - they do not create new word, but indicate a certain inflectional form of a given word e.g. –est the superlative of an adjective or an adverb (watch out for homophony the same affix may signal two completely different things e.g. –s in sings signals 3rd person singular but in cats it marks plural)
• Derivation
DERIVATIONAL affixes - they help us form new words out of other words e.g. –tion is used to form nouns (words belonging to a different syntactic class, or whose meaning is different)
• Compounding
COMPOUNDS - contain two stems
goldfish (gold + fish)
- compounds are spelled as one word
- they are pronounced with one main stress only
- their meaning is not simply a sum of the meaning of the two morphemes
Now do the following exercise:
Each of the words below contains two or more morphemes: a stem and at least one prefix or suffix.
Write each word, putting a hyphen between its morphemes (e.g. dis-agree-d) and underlining the stem.
Distinguish between derivational and inflectional affixes:
Example: disagreed - dis (DER) – agree - d (INFL)
reconsideration unemployment reviewed
overcarefulness exchanging healthier independent
activity strengthens disrespectful unfortunately
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