Notes

Chaturanga
Chaturanga is an ancient Indian strategy video game. While there is some uncertainty, the prevailing view among chess historians is that that is the popular ancestor of the board games chess (European), xiangqi (Chinese), janggi (Korean), shogi (Japanese), sittuyin (Burmese), makruk (Thai), and modern day Indian chess.

Chaturanga will be known coming from the Gupta Empire in India all-around the 6th hundred years CE. In typically the 7th century, that was adopted because chatrang (shatranj) inside Sassanid Persia, which usually in turn has been the form of mentally stimulating games brought to late-medieval Europe. Archeological continues to be from 2000 in order to 3000 BC have been found from the particular city of Lothal (of the Indus Pit civilisation) of bits on a board that will resemble chess. According to Stewart Culin, chaturanga was first defined in the Hindu text Bhavishya Purana. The Bhavishya Purana is known to include modern additions and interpolations, even so, even mentioning British rule of Asia.

The exact rules of chaturanga will be unknown. Chess historians suppose that typically the game had identical rules to the people associated with its successor, shatranj. In particular, right now there is uncertainty as to the moves with the gaja (elephant).

Origin and etymology
The Sanskrit phrase chaturanga means "four-limbed" or "four arms", discussing ancient military services divisions of infantry, cavalry, elephantry, and chariotry. The origin of chaturanga offers been a challenge for centuries. It features its origins inside the Gupta Empire, with the original clear reference going out with from the sixth centuries from the common time, and from north India. The very first substantial argument of which chaturanga is a lot elderly than this will be the proven fact that the chariot is among the most strong piece around the table, although chariots appear to have recently been obsolete in hostilities for at least five or even six centuries. The counter-argument is that will they remained notable in literature.

Historical past

Sanskrit catura ga is a bahuvrihi compound word, message "having four arms and legs or parts" in addition to epic poetry frequently meaning "army". The name comes from a new battle formation stated in the Indian epic Mahabharata. Chaturanga relates to four divisions of an military, namely elephantry, chariotry, cavalry and soldires. An ancient struggle formation, akshauhini, is usually like the set up of chaturanga.

Chaturanga was played on an 8�8 uncheckered board, called asht pada, which is definitely also the a game. The table sometimes had specific markings, the so this means which are unknown right now. These marks weren't related to chaturanga, but were drawn within the board simply by tradition. These types of special markings overlap with squares unreachable by any involving the four gajas that start in the board owing to movement rules. Chess historian L. J. R. Murray conjectured that this asht pada seemed to be employed for some older race-type dice activity, perhaps similar in order to chowka bhara, within which the marks had meaning.

An earlier reference to an ancient Indian board game is often caused by Subandhu in his Vasavadatta, out dated between the 5th and 7th decades AD:

The period in the rains played out its game with frogs for parts [nayadyutair] yellow and efficient in colour, because if mottled by lac, leapt way up on the dark field squares.

The colours are not those of the a couple of camps, but mean that the frogs have two colorings, yellow and efficient.

Banabhatta's Harsha Charitha (c. AD 625) contains the initial reference to the brand chaturanga:

Under this specific monarch, only the bees quarrelled to collect typically the dew; the only real foot cut off were those of measurements, and only from Asht�pada you can learn precisely how to draw upwards a chaturanga, generally there was no cutting-off of the four limbs of ruined criminals...

While generally there is little uncertainty that asht�pada will be the gameboard involving 8�8 squares, typically the double meaning regarding chaturanga, since the four-folded army, might be dubious. There is a new probability that the ancestor of chess was mentioned generally there.

The game was first introduced to the particular West in Betty Hyde's De ludis orientalibus libri duet, published in 1694. Subsequently, translations involving Sanskrit accounts associated with the game have been published by Sir William Jones.

Inside Arabic, a lot of the terms of chess is derived directly coming from chaturanga: Modern chess itself is named shatranj in Persia, and the bishop is called the particular elephant. The Tamerlane chess was furthermore introduced in Usa later.

Guidelines
The particular initial position is just as shown. White goes first. The target in chaturanga will be to checkmate the opponent's Raja (king) or reducing the particular opposition in order to the Raja.

Pieces in addition to their moves
Raja (king) (also spelled Rajah): moves a single step in virtually any direction (vertical, lateral or diagonal), typically the same as the king in chess. There is no castling throughout chaturanga.
Mantri (minister or counsellor); likewise known as Senapati (general): moves one step diagonally in any direction, like the fers in shatranj.
https://bahamasinternational.net (chariot) (also generally known as akata): moves the same as a rook in chess, where the rook moves horizontally or top to bottom, through any range of unoccupied squares.
Gaja (elephant) (also known as Hastin): three different moves are described in ancient literature:
2 squares in any diagonal direction, leaping over the 1st square, as typically the alfil in Iranian shatranj, Ethiopian senterej, Mongolian Tamerlane chess and medieval courier chess. This is usually a fairy chess piece that is usually a (2, 2)-leaper.
The same shift is used with regard to the boat inside Indian chaturaji, a new four-player version associated with chaturanga.
The dickhäuter (umgangssprachlich) in Chinese xiangqi has the similar move, but is usually not able to leap over an intervening piece or pawn.
The elephant found in Korean janggi has a very similar maneuver, also without the ability to jump over an intervening item or pawn.
1 step forward or perhaps one step in any diagonal direction.
The same maneuver is used with regard to the khon (nobleman) in Thai makruk and the desprovisto (elephant) in Burmese sittuyin, as properly as for the silver general inside of Japanese shogi.

The move was referred to c. 1030 by simply Biruni in their book India.
Two squares in any kind of orthogonal (vertical or even horizontal) direction, bouncing over the initial square.
A item with such the move is referred to as a new dabb bah inside of some chess versions. The move was described by typically the Arabic chess expert al-Adli c. 840 in his (partly lost) chess work. (The Arabic word dabb ba in past times meant the covered siege powerplant for attacking walled fortifications; today it means "army tank". )
This is reminiscent of the above mentioned chaturaji, where the elephant moves as a rook.
The particular German historian Johannes Kohtz (1843-1918) suggests, rather, that the was the earliest move of the Ratha.
Ashva (horse) (also spelled Ashwa or Asva): moves typically the same as the knight in chess.
Pad�ti or Bhata (foot-soldier or infantry) (also spelled Pedati); also known as Sainik (warrior): goes and captures the particular same as a pawn in chess, but without some sort of double-step option in the first move.

Additional rules
Al-Adli mentions two even more rules:

Stalemate was a win for a stalemated player. This kind of rule appeared once more in a few medieval mentally stimulating games variants in Britain c. 1600. Based to some sources, there was simply no stalemate, as the particular king will move and consequently end up being captured.
The player that may be first to bare the opponent's king (i. electronic. capture all opponent pieces except typically the king) wins. Within shatranj also this is a win, but simply if the challenger cannot bare the particular player's king in the next turn.

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