Notes

Coverage of test tomorrow: 3 laws of motion, electricity, force, energy, eartquakes, faults, tropical cyclone.
EARTHQUAKES
Earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere. The energy will eventually be released once the fault overcomes the friction movement. Faults are thin zones of crushed blocks of rocks.
Earthquakes are the result of sudden movement along faults within the Earth. The movement releases stored-up 'elastic strain' energy in the form of seismic waves, which propagate through the Earth and cause the ground surface to shake.Earthquakes are caused due to sudden tectonic movements in the earth's crust. When the tectonic plates slide over one another, there is a cause of orogeny which results in earthquakes and volcanoes. These disturbances cause vibrations that spread in all directions.
There are four different types of earthquakes: tectonic, volcanic, collapse and explosion. A tectonic earthquake is one that occurs when the earth's crust breaks due to geological forces on rocks and adjoining plates that cause physical and chemical changes.
The effects from earthquakes include ground shaking, surface faulting, ground failure, and less commonly, tsunamis.

Things that cause earthquakes
Groundwater extraction – decrease in pore pressure.
Groundwater – increase in pore pressure.
Heavy rain.
Pore fluid flow.
High CO2 pressure.
Building dams.
Earthquakes.
No earthquakes (Seismic quiescence)

What are 5 facts about earthquakes?
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1) Half a million occur per year. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) estimates that around 500,000 earthquakes occur each year. ...
2) The "Ring of Fire" is a hot zone. ...
3) Earthquake scale. ...
4) Largest recorded earthquake was a magnitude 9.5. ...
5) Can change the length of a day. ...
6) Shaking is brief. ...
7) Can't predict.
The damage caused by earthquakes is from ground shaking, ground rupture, landslides, tsunamis, and liquefaction. Earthquake damage from fires is the most important secondary effect.

TROPICAL CYCLONE
Category Sustained winds
Typhoon 64–84 knots 118–156 km/h
Severe tropical storm 48–63 knots 89–117 km/h
Tropical storm 34–47 knots 62–88 km/h
Tropical depression ≤33 knots ≤61 km/h
A pre-existing disturbance, warm ocean water, low atmospheric stability, sufficient Coriolis force, moist mid-atmosphere, and upper atmosphere divergence are all important factors for typhoon formation.